Monomers sunadarai ne abin da kome? Mene ne monomers sunadarai?

Sunadaran suna nazarin halittu polymers da sifofi. Bã su da wani babban kwayoyin nauyi da kuma kunshi cikin amino acid} afar roba kungiyoyin wakilta bitamin, sia carbohydrate inclusions. Sunadaran dauke da carbohydrates, bitamin, lipids, ko karafa, da ake kira fili. Kawai sauki sunadarai sunadaran amino acid shiga tare da peptide bond.

peptides

Ko da abin da tsarin yana da wani abu na gina jiki monomers ne amino acid. Wadannan samar da asali polypeptide sarkar, wanda shi ne sai siffa ko globular gina jiki fibril tsarin. Lokacin da wannan gina jiki za a iya hada kawai a rayuwa nama - a shuka, kwayan cuta, fungal, dabba da sauran Kwayoyin.

The kawai kwayoyin da cewa ba zai iya connect monomers sunadarai, ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma protozoa ne kwayoyin. Duk da wasu suna iya kafa tsarin sunadarai. Amma abin da abubuwa masu monomers, sunadarai, da kuma yadda ake kafa? Wannan kuma gina jiki biosynthesis, a polypeptide, da kuma samuwar wani hadadden gina jiki tsarin amino acid da dũkiyõyinsu, gani a kasa.

Single monomer na sunadarin ne wani alpha-amino acid. A wannan yanayin, da gina jiki - a polypeptide sarkar na da nasaba da amino acid. Dangane da yawan amino acid da hannu a cikin samuwar an ware dipeptides (biyu sharan), a tripeptide (3), oligopeptides (dauke daga 2-10 amino acid) da kuma polypeptides (a jam'i na amino acid).

Overview na tsarin sunadarai

furotin na farko tsarin iya zama dan kadan ya fi hadaddun - sakandare, fiye da hadaddun - manyan, kuma mafi hadaddun - quaternary.

A primary tsarin - shi ne mai sauki kewaye da via wani peptide bond (CO-NH) da alaka monomers sunadaran (amino acid). Secondary tsarin - shi ne wani alpha-Helix ko beta-sheet. Mai zurfi - wannan shi ne ma fi rikitarwa uku-girma tsarin da gina jiki, wanda aka kafa daga sake yin fa'ida saboda da samuwar covalent, ionic da hydrogen shaidu kuma hydrophobic interactions.

A quaternary tsarin ne sosai rikitarwa da kuma peculiar tsoka mai amsa sigina sunadaran dake kan cell membranes. Wannan supramolecular (yanki) tsarin kafa saboda jam'iyya da dama kwayoyin da manyan tsarin, suna goyon bayan da carbohydrate, sia, ko bitamin kungiyoyin. A wannan yanayin, kamar yadda a cikin primary, secondary da kuma manyan Tsarin sunadaran monomers ne alpha-amino acid. Suna kuma shiga da peptide bond. Iyakar abin da bambanci ne a cikin tsari da cakuduwa.

amino acid

The kawai monomers sunadarai na gina jiki ne alpha-amino acid. Akwai kawai 20, kuma suna da wuya kafuwar rayuwa. Ana zargin wani peptide bond, furotin kira ya yiwu. A gina jiki da kanta sai ta fara yi tsarin-kafa, tsoka mai amsa sigina, enzyme, kai, matsakanci kuma sauran ayyuka. Saboda wannan rayuwa jiki aiki da kuma za a iya sake bugawa.

Aras alpha-amino acid ne Organic acid carboxylic da ciwon wani amino kungiyar haɗa da alpha-carbon zarra. Last located gaba da carboxyl kungiyar. Kamar wancan monomers sunadarai suna dauke da kwayoyin abubuwa, a cikin abin da m carbon zarra kuma Bears wani Amine da wani carboxyl kungiyar.

Fili na amino acid a cikin peptides da kuma sunadarai

Amino acid din da ya koma ga dimers, trimers da polymers via wani peptide bond. An kafa ta tsakiyan nonon mata na hydroxyl (-OH) kungiyar daga carboxyl rabo daga daya alpha-amino acid da kuma hydrogen (H) - amino kungiyar na wani alpha-amino acid. The hulda da ruwa da aka raba kashe, kuma ya zauna a cikin carboxy terminus rabo daga C = Yã tare da free electron saura kusa da carboxyl carbon. A wani amino acid saura yana da (NH) tare da wani samuwa free m a nitrogen zarra. Wannan ba ka damar gama da biyu radicals samar da wata bond (CONH). Shi ne ake kira mai peptide.

Bambance-bambancen karatu na alpha-amino acid

Total san 23 alpha-amino acid. Suna gabatar a matsayin jerin: glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine, threonine, serine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine da kuma glutamine. Dangane da ko su za a iya hada ta da jikin mutum, wadannan amino acid din ya kasu kashi da muhimmanci da kuma nonessential.

A ra'ayi na da muhimmanci da kuma nonessential amino acid

M jikin mutum zai iya haduwa, yayin da muhimmanci kamata zo ne kawai da abinci. Kamar wancan ne duka biyu da muhimmanci da kuma nonessential acid ne da muhimmanci ga gina jiki biosynthesis, saboda ba tare da su da kira ba za a iya kammala. Ba tare da wani amino acid din, ko da idan kowa ne ba, ba shi yiwuwa a yi da furotin da cewa tantanin halitta ake bukata don yin ta ayyuka.

Daya kuskure a cikin wani daga cikin biosynthetic matakai - da kuma gina jiki shi ne m, domin ba zai iya saduwa da ake so tsarin saboda keta da electron yawa da interatomic interactions. Saboda mutane (da sauran kwayoyin), yana da muhimmanci ga ci gina jiki abinci, wanda dauke da muhimmanci amino acid. Su rashi a rage cin abinci take kaiwa zuwa wani adadin furotin metabolism cuta.

Kan aiwatar da samuwar peptide bond

The kawai gina jiki monomers ne alpha-amino acid. Su suna da alaka hankali a polypeptide sarkar, tsarin da aka adana a gaba a cikin kwayoyin code na DNA (ko RNA, a lokacin da kyan gani kwayan biosynthesis). A wannan yanayin, da gina jiki - wani m jerin amino acid sharan. Wannan sarkar da aka shirya a wani tsari, aiki a wani pre-kaddara cell aiki.

-Stage jerin sunadaran gina biosynthesis

Kan aiwatar da samuwar sunadaran ya kunshi sarkar na saukarwa: kwafi site DNA (ko RNA) kira na RNA irin bayanai, fitarwa shi zuwa cytoplasm na cell tsakiya, da fili da ribosome, kuma sauka a hankali da aka makala daga cikin amino acid sharan cewa an kawota canja wurin RNA. A abu wanda yake mai gina jiki monomer taka rawa a cikin enzymatic tsakiyan nonon dauki na wani hydroxyl kungiyar da kuma hydrogen proton, sa'an nan shiga cikin Kalmomin polipetidnoy sarkar.

Kamar wancan samu polypeptide sarkar, wanda shi ne riga a cikin salon salula endoplasmic reticulum ne da umarnin a wani qaddara ne tsarin da kuma ru carbohydrate ko sia moiety a lokacin da ake bukata. Wannan tsari shine ake kira "maturation" na gina jiki, bayan da ya aiko zuwa ga kai tsarin na cell zuwa ga makõma.

Ayyuka hada sunadaran

Monomers sunadarai ne amino acid da ake bukata don gina su primary tsarin. Secondary, manyan da quaternary tsarin kanta An riga an kafa, amma wani lokacin ma bukatar sa hannu na enzymes da kuma sauran abubuwa. Duk da haka, su daina main, ko da yake shi ne ya zama wajibi da sunadaran yi su aiki.

Amino acid, wanda shi ne mai gina jiki monomer iya samun carbohydrate da aka makala maki, karafa ko bitamin. Ilimi manyan ko quaternary tsarin sa ya yiwu a sami karin wuraren ga wuri na saka kungiyoyin. Wannan damar domin wanda aka samu da gina jiki, wanda ke taka rawar da enzyme, tsoka mai amsa sigina, transporter abubuwa a cikin cell ko fita daga, wani immunoglobulin, wani tsarin bangaren cell membranes ko wasu gabbansa, tsoka gina jiki.

Sunadaran suna kafa daga amino acid, ne kawai tushen rayuwa. Kuma yau shi ne ya yi ĩmãni da cewa rayuwa ya tashi kawai bayan bayyanar amino acid, kuma saboda da Polymerization. Bayan duk, da intermolecular hulda da sunadarai ne farkon rayuwa, ciki har da na fasaha. All sauran biochemical matakai, ciki har da samar da makamashi, na da muhimmanci ga da ganin na gina jiki biosynthesis, kuma a sakamakon, da kara ci gaba da rayuwa.