Tsarin kwayoyin halitta, halayensu da rarrabuwa

Organic abubuwa - wadannan ne mahadi da an hada da kwayoyin halitta na carbon. Ko da a farkon matakai na ci gaba da ilmin sunadarai, dukkanin abubuwa sun kasu kashi biyu: ma'adinai da kwayoyin. A kwanakin nan an yi imani da cewa don hada kwayoyin halitta Dole ne a sami "rai mai karfi" wanda ba shi da wani mahimmanci, wanda yake shi ne kawai a cikin kwayoyin halittu masu rai. Sabili da haka, ba zai yiwu a hada kwayoyin halitta daga ma'adanai ba. Kuma kawai a farkon karni na 19 F. Weller ya musanta ra'ayi na yanzu kuma ya hada carbamide daga ammonium cyanate, wato, ya karbi kwayoyin halitta daga ma'adinai. Bayan haka, yawancin masana kimiyya sun hada chloroform, aniline, acetate da wasu magunguna masu yawa.

Abubuwa na kwayoyin sune rayayyen kwayoyin halittu, kuma su ne babban abinci ga mutane da dabbobi. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta sune kayan abinci mai mahimmanci ga masana'antu daban-daban - abinci, sinadaran, haske, magunguna, da dai sauransu.

A yau, an san fiye da mahallin kwayoyin halitta miliyan 30. Saboda haka, kwayoyin abubuwa Nuna mafi yawan nau'in sinadaran mahaifa. Dabbobi iri-iri masu haɗin gwiwar suna hade da haɗe-haɗe da kuma tsarin Carbon. Ma'aikatan carbon carbon ne suke haɗuwa tare da ɗaya ko mahara (sha biyu, sau uku).

Organic abubuwa. Chemistry.

Organic mahadi halin gaban covalent C-C shaidu, da iyakacin duniya covalent shaidu C-N, C-O, C -Hal, C- karfe, da dai sauransu. Ayyukan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta suna da wasu halaye da aka kwatanta da ma'adinai. A cikin halayen mahaukaci maras kyau, a matsayin mulkin, ions shiga. Sau da yawa irin wannan halayen ya wuce sosai, wani lokaci instantaneously a yawan zafin jiki. A halayen da kwayoyin abubuwa kwayoyin yawanci hannu. Ya kamata a ce a cikin wannan yanayin, wasu haɗin gwiwar sun karya, yayin da aka kafa wasu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, wadannan halayen sun ci gaba da hankali, kuma don hawan gaggawa, wajibi ne don tada yawan zafin jiki ko amfani da mai haɗari (acid ko tushe).

Yaya aka kafa kwayoyin halitta a yanayin? Mafi yawa daga cikin hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi a halitta hada a aiwatar da photosynthesis daga carbon dioxide da ruwa a cikin kore chlorophyll na shuke-shuke.

Classes na kwayoyin abubuwa.

Nau'in gudanar da mahadi dangane A. Butlerov ka'idar. Tsarin tsari shine tushen harsashin kimiyyar kimiyya, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a yi amfani da kwayoyin halitta, yana fitowa daga tsarin tsari na yanzu. Tsarin ya danganta ne akan fasali guda biyu - tsarin skeleton carbon, lambar da wuri na ƙungiyoyi masu aiki a cikin kwayoyin.

Carbon kwarangwal - shi ne barga a daban-daban sunadarai halayen da kwayoyin da kwayoyin abubuwa. Dangane da tsarinsa, dukkanin kwayoyin halitta sun kasu kashi-kashi.

Magunguna masu mahimmanci sun hada da abubuwa tare da madaidaicin sarkar carbon. Masu haɗarin Carbocyclic sun hada da abubuwa tare da hawan keke, sun kasu kashi biyu-ƙungiyoyi biyu - alicyclic da aromatic. Magunguna masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta - abubuwa wadanda kwayoyin sun dogara ne akan zobba sunadaran sunadaran carbon da kuma sauran kwayoyin halitta (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur), heteroatoms.

Har ila yau, an rarraba abubuwa da kwayoyin ta hanyar kasancewar ƙungiyoyi masu aiki waɗanda suke cikin ɓangarorin kwayoyin. Alal misali, azuzuwan hydrocarbons (sai dai a cikin kwayoyin su babu ƙungiyoyi masu aiki), birane, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, ethers, carboxylic acid, da dai sauransu. Ya kamata a tuna cewa kowace ƙungiya mai aiki (COOH, OH, NH2, SH, NH, NO) na ƙayyade kayan aikin physicochemical na wannan fili.