Slavic jihohi. Da samuwar Slavic jihohi. Flags Slavic jihohi

A tarihin ce da farko Slavic jihar fito a cikin lokaci, kwanan rana V karni BC. Kusa da wannan lokaci, da Slavs gudun hijira zuwa bankunan na Dnieper River. A nan ne suka kasu kashi biyu tarihi rassan: gabashi da Balkan. Eastern kabilan zaunar tare da Dnieper da Balkans - sun shagaltar da Balkan Larabawa. Slavic jihohi a duniya a yau zauna a sararin ƙasa a Turai da kuma Asiya. Peoples da suka rayu a cikin su, suna zama kasa kama da juna, amma kowa da Tushen a bayyane a duk abin da - daga hadisai da kuma harshen to irin wannan halin yanzu gaye lokaci, a matsayin haukan.

Tambayar da ya faru na statehood daga cikin Slavs shekaru da yawa murna masana kimiyya. Sa a gaba mai yawa theories, kowanne daga abin da bazai bã tãre da dabaru. Amma yin up wannan ra'ayi, shi wajibi ne don samun saba da akalla asali.

Kamar yadda jihar tashi daga Slavs: zato cewa da Varangians

Idan muka magana game da tarihin statehood na zamanin d Slavs a cikin wadannan yankunan, da masana kimiyya yawanci dõgara a kan da dama theories, wanda ina son yi la'akari. Mafi na kowa version yanzu cewa a lokacin da na farko Slavic jihar, an dauke su Norman ko Varangian ka'idar. Yana fito a karshen da XVIII karni a Jamus. Wadanda suka kafa da kuma akida inspirers sun biyu Jamusawa masana kimiyya: Theophilus Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) da kuma Gerhard Müller Friedrich (1705-1783).

A cikin view, da tarihi na Slavic jihohi ko Norman yana Nordic asalinsu. Wannan ƙarshe pundits yi, sosai karatu da "Tale of bygone Years" - zamanin d opus halitta da m Nestor. Akwai gaske ne mahada ar 862, na shekara, da cewa da tsoho Slavic kabilu (krivichi, Chud da Slovenes) kira da ƙasashensu a zamanin da Varangian sarakuna. Ostensibly, gaji da m internecine jayayya da abokan gaba kai hare-hare daga waje, 'yan Slavic kabilan yanke shawarar gama karkashin jagorancin Normans, an dauke a lokacin da ya fi gogaggen kuma ci nasara a Turai.

A cikin tsohon kwana a gaban wani jama'a da ilimi soja gwaninta ya jagoranci wani mafi girma da fifiko fiye da tattalin arziki. Kuma a cikin ƙarfi da gwaninta na arewacin dabbanci da aka ba shakka. Su dakarun kai hari kusan duk iyakar sassa na Turai. Kila, dangane da farko soja nasara, bisa ga Norman ka'idar, da tsoho Slavs da kuma yanke shawarar kira ga mulkin Varangian sarakuna.

Af, da sunan kansa - Rasha, wai ya kawo daidai da Norman sarakuna. Nestor na tarihin wannan batu quite a fili da aka bayyana a cikin layin "... kuma samu 'yan'uwa uku tare da iyalansu, da kuma tare da shi suka ci dukan Rus'. Duk da haka, na karshe kalma a cikin wannan mahallin, bisa ga yawa masana tarihi, wakiltar mafi yãƙi tawagar, a cikin wasu kalmomi - da sana'a soja. Shi ne kuma ya kamata a lura da cewa Norman shugabanni, kamar yadda mai mulkin, akwai bayyananne rabuwa tsakanin} ungiyoyin da kuma soja asali Generic detachment wanda aka kira "jihadi Kirch". A wasu kalmomin, shi za a iya zaci cewa uku sarakuna koma zuwa ƙasar da Slavs, ba kawai tare da yãƙi squads, amma kuma tare da high-sa iyalansu. Kamar yadda a wani al'ada yaki sintiri 'yan'uwa maza bakwai ba za, a karkashin wani yanayi, shi ne bayyana daga matsayi na taron. Norman shugabannin kabilan amince da bukatar da matuqar muhimmancin da kuma kafa farkon Slavic jihohi.

"Ina yi duhũli da Rasha ƙasar"

Wani mai ban sha'awa ka'idar cewa sosai mas'ala ta "Vikings" nufi a zamanin d Rasha ya da wani kwararren soja. Wannan ya shaida sake nuna gaskiyar cewa tsoho Slavs bet daidai a kan 'yan bindiga a kan shugabannin. Bisa ga ka'idar da masana kimiyya Jamus, wanda dogara ne a kan littafin tarihin Nestor, a Varangian prince zaunar kusa Lake Ladoga, da kuma na biyu ya daidaita a kan bankunan na White Lake, da uku - a Izoborsk. Bayan wadannan ayyuka, bisa ga tarihin, da kuma kafa da farko Slavic jihohi, da kuma ƙasar tare zama da aka sani da Rasha ƙasar.

Bugu da ari, a cikin labarinsa Nestor tuno da labari na abin da ya faru na m sarauta iyali na Rurik. Yana da aka Rurik, da shugabanni na Slavic jihohi, kuma su ne zuriyar mafi almara uku sarakuna. Su kuma za a iya dangana ga farko "shugabancin siyasa Elite" tsoho Slavic jihohi. Bayan mutuwar matukar "kafuwar uba", ikon ya wuce zuwa ga waliyyinsa, Oleg, wanda ta mãkirci kuma cin hanci da rashawa nasara Kiev, sa'an nan ya koma Arewa da ta Kudu Rasha a cikin guda jihar. A cewar Nestor ta faru a cikin 882 th shekara. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga rikodin, jihar samuwar ne saboda da nasara "external iko" Vikings.

Rasha - wanda shi ne wannan?

Duk da haka, masana kimiyya suna har yanzu jayayya game da real kabila daga cikin mutane don haka mai suna. Norman ka'idar mabiya yi imani da cewa kalmar "Rus" ya zo daga Finnish kalmar "ruotsi", wanda da Finns kira Swedes a cikin IX karni. Ban sha'awa shi ne ma da cewa mafiya yawa daga Rasha jakadun da suke a Rum da Scandinavian sunayen: Charles, Iengeld, Farlof, Veremund. Wadannan sunayen da aka rubuta a cikin kwangila tare da Byzantine Empire, kwanan rana 911- 944 shekara. Kuma da farko shugabannin Rasha sun zalla Scandinavian sunayen - Igor, Olga, Rurik.

Daya daga cikin mafi tsanani muhawara a cikin ni'imar da Norman ka'idar abin da Slavic jihar, an dauke su da wani tunani zuwa Rasha a Yammacin "Bertinskih tarihin." Akwai musamman lura da cewa, 839-shekara Byzantine sarki aiko wani ofishin jakadancin wa Frankish abokin aiki Louis I. Tawagar hada da wakilan "mutanen girma." A kasa line ne cewa Louis mãsu taƙawa yanke shawarar cewa "Rasha" - shi ne Swedes.

A cikin 950 th shekara na Byzantine Sarkin sarakuna Konstantin Bagryanorodny , a cikin littafinsa "A da gudanar da Empire," ya ce wasu daga cikin shahararrun sunayen da Dnieper Rapids ne na musamman Scandinavian asalinsu. A karshe, da yawa Musulmi matafiya da geographers a cikin opuses na zuwa IX-X ƙarni, a fili raba "tiers" na Slavs "Sakaliba". Duk wadannan hujjoji, tattara tare, ya taimaka da Jamus masanin kimiyya gina wani da ake kira Norman ka'idar game da yadda wani Slavic jihohi.

Patriotic ka'idar asalin jihar

Babban ideologist na biyu ka'idar ne Rasha masanin kimiyya Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Slavic ka'idar asalin jihar ne kuma ake kira "autochthonous ka'idar." Karatu da Norman ka'idar, Lomonosov gan ma'ana a cikin tattaunawa na Jamusawa masana kimiyya game da rashin iyawa na Slavs da kai-ƙungiya, wanda ya jagoranci zuwa wani waje iko daga Turai. A gaskiya Bakan'ane, MV Lomonosov kira a cikin tambaya gaba dayan ka'idar, yankan shawara don nazarin wannan tarihi tatsuniya da kansa. A tsawon lokaci, yana kafa da ake kira Slavic ka'idar asalin jihar, bisa cikakken musu na "Norman".

Saboda haka, abin da su ne babban counter LED da kare da Slavs? Babban shaida ne tabbatarwa cewa sunan "Rus" an etymologically ba a hade tare da tsoho Novgorod ko da Ladoga. Yana nufin, a maimakon haka, to Ukraine (musamman, ta Tsakiya Dnieper). A matsayin hujja ne tsoho sunayen kududdufai located a yankin - Ros, Roos, Rostavitsa. Karatu Syria "ecclesiastical Tarihi," fassara Zachary rhetorician, Slavic ka'idar mabiya samu a ambaci game da mutanen da suka kira Hros ko "Rus". Wadannan kabilun zaunar kawai kudu na Kiev. Rubutun aka halitta a cikin 555, a shekara. A wasu kalmomin, da abubuwan da suke bayyana a cikinta, sun kasance tun kafin Scandinavian.

Wani tsanani counter-gardamar da aka dauke da ba ta ambaci na Rasha a zamanin d Norse sagas. Suna hauhawar up quite mai yawa, kuma an, a gaskiya, an tushen duk almara kabila zamani Scandinavian kasashen. Yana da wuya ba to yarda da maganganun wadanda masana tarihi suka ce cewa a kalla a cikin farkon kashi na wucin gadi tarihi sagas dole ne a m ɗaukar hoto na wadannan al'amura. Scandinavian sunayen jakadu, waɗanda suke dogara a kan magoya bayan na Norman ka'idar, ma, shi ne daya da ɗari bisa dari ba saka da kabila daga cikin kambun. A cewar masana tarihi, da Sweden wakilai iya sosai wakilci Rasha sarakuna a m kasashen.

Criticism na Norman ka'idar

Bai tabbata da bayar da rahoto a kan jihar na Scandinavians. Gaskiyar cewa, a cikin tsawon in tambaya, Scandinavian jihohi kamar yadda irin wannan bai wanzu ba. Wannan al'amari ya haddasa wani m adadin shakka cewa Vikings - shi ne na farko shugabanni na Slavic jihohi. Abu ne mai wuya baƙi Scandinavian shuwagabanni, ba tare nazarin yi da kansa da iko, zai gabatar da wani abu a kasashen waje asashe.

Academician Boris Rybakov, magana game da asalin na Norman ka'idar, ya bayyana ra'ayi game da janar iyawa da rauni zamani masana tarihi, suka yi ĩmãni, misali, cewa gwamnatin rikon kwarya da dama kabilu a kan sauran ƙasashe halitta preconditions ga ci gaban jihar, da kuma ga wasu shekarun da suka gabata. A gaskiya, da aiwatar da samuwar kuma statehood iya wuce ƙarni. Babban tarihi-akai a kan abin da Jamusanci masana tarihi, shan wahala quite m rashin daidaito.

Slavic jihohi, bisa ga Nestor da tarihin, kafa a kan shekarun da suka gabata. Sau da yawa, ya na daidaita cikin wadanda suka kafa da iko, ya maye gurbin ra'ayi. Masana sun yi imani da cewa irin wannan sabani aka bayyana mythological tunani na Nestor. Saboda haka categorical fassarar da labarinsa shi ne sosai m.

A iri-iri na theories

Wani lura ka'idar fitowan statehood a zamanin d Rus kira Iran-Slavic. A cewar ta, a lokacin da samuwar na farko jihohin akwai biyu rassan da Slavs. Daya, wanda aka kira da Rus-Obodrits ko rugi, ya rayu a kan ƙasashen da yanzu jihohi. Wani zauna a Black Sea yankin da kuma kama asalin daga Iran da kuma Slavic kabilu. A haduwa da wadannan biyu "versions" na mutane, bisa ga ka'idar, zai haifar da wata guda Slavic jihar Rus.

Ban sha'awa jarrabawa, wanda aka daga baya ciyar da ka'idar samarwa Academician na NASU V. Sklyarenko. A cewar shi, da Novgorodians Labarai Varangians-Balts, wanda aka kira da Rus ko Ruthenium. Kalmar "Ruthenians" ya zo daga mutane, daya daga cikin Celtic kabilu, ya dauki bangare a cikin samuwar cikin Slavic kabila a tsibirin Rügen. Bugu da kari, bisa ga Academician, a daidai lokacin da zamani riga ya wanzu Black Sea Slavic kabilu, zũriyarsu suka Zaporozhye Cossacks. Wannan ka'idar da aka kira - Celtic-Slavic.

Search for a yi jayayya

Ya kamata a lura da cewa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci akwai cinikayya-offs ka'idar da Slavic jihar samuwar. Yana da wannan version na samarwa Rasha tarihi V. Klyuchevskii. A cewar shi, da Slavic jihohi sun fi masu garu gari a lokacin. Wannan suka aza harsashin ginin kasuwanci, masana'antu da siyasa abokai. Haka kuma, bisa ga tarihi, akwai cikakke "birane", waɗanda wasu ƙananan jihohi.

Biyu siyasa da kuma jihar form a lokacin sun kasance wadanda mafi m Norman sarauta, ake magana a kai a cikin Norman ka'idar. A cewar Kliuchevskoi, wato hadakar iko birane conglomerates da kuma soja tsarin Vikings sa a cikin samuwar Slavic jihohin (6 sa makaranta kira wannan jiha na Kievan Rus '). Wannan ka'idar, wanda ya nace da kuma Ukrainian masana tarihi A. Efimenko da I. Krypiakevych, kira Slavic-Varangian. Da shi da ɗan sulhunta Orthodox wakilan biyu kwatance.

Bi da bi, Academician Vernadsky ma tambayi Norman asalin da Slavs. A cewar shi, da samuwar Slavic jihohin gabashin kabilan kamata a yi la'akari a cikin "Rus" - na zamani Kuban. Academician yi imani da cewa Slavs samu wannan sunan daga zamanin d sunan "Roksolana" ko haske Alans. A 60-ies na XX karni Ukrainian tarihi dt Berezovets shawarar la'akari Rassi Alanian yawan pallets. Yau, shi ne wannan jarrabawa ne ma la'akari da kuma Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Babu irin wannan kabila - Slavs

American farfesa O.Pritsak samarwa wani mabanbanta version of abin jihar Slavic, da kuma abin da - babu. Yana ba bisa wani na sama shiriritar da kuma na da ma'ana akai. A cewar Pritsak, Slavs kamar yadda irin wannan bai wanzu a kan kabilanci da kuma na kasa da filaye. A ƙasar a kan wanda aka kafa Kievan Rus, ya kasance tsaka-tsaki na cinikayya da kasuwanci hanyoyi tsakanin Gabas da Yamma. mutane inhabiting wadannan wurare sun mai irin warrior-Kasuwanci da suka bayar da tsaro ga cinikayya tafiyar sauran yan kasuwa, da kuma aka sanye take a cikin hanyar da ya kaya.

A wasu kalmomin, da tarihi na Slavic jihohi dangane da wasu cinikayya da kuma soja al'umma na moriyar wakilan daban-daban al'ummai. Shi ne da kira na makiyaya da kuma 'yan fashi da aka baya kabilanci akai a nan gaba a jihar. Quite rigima ka'idar, musamman idan ka yi la'akari da cewa shi ya sa a gaba a kimiyyar zauna a kasar, wanda tarihi ya koma kawai shekaru 200.

Da ta mummunan soki yawa Rasha da kuma Ukrainian masana tarihi, sunansa ko jarred kanta - "Volga - Rasha Khanate." Bisa ga Amirkawa, shi ne na farko da samuwar Slavic jihohin (Grade 6 wuya yana zuwa samun Masana irin wannan rigima ka'idar). Duk da haka, ta na da hakkin ya wanzu da kuma kira Khazar.

Brief Kievan Rus

Bayan bita duk theories ya bayyana cewa na farko tsanani Slavic jihar aka Kievan Rus kafa a kusa da IX karni. Da samuwar wannan ikon da ya faru a saukarwa. Don 882 shekaru ana garwaya da kuma ci karkashin guda dalĩli glades Drevlyane, kalmomi, dregovechey da Polotsk. The Union of Slavic kasashen da aka alama ta ci na Kiev da Novgorod.

Bayan kame iko a Kiev, Oleg fara na biyu, farkon mulkin gargajiya mataki na ci gaba da Kievan Rus. Yana daukan wani aiki dangane da baya ba a sani ba yankunan. Saboda haka, a cikin 981, a jihar kumbura ta Eastern Slav ƙasashe har zuwa San kogin. The 992-m aka lashe da Croatian ƙasashe kwance a kan duka biyu gangara daga cikin Carpathians. By 1054 ikon Kiev ya yaɗu zuwa kusan duk Eastern Slavic kabilu, da kuma birnin kanta ya zama sananne a cikin "uwar Rasha birane."

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa tuni a cikin biyu da rabi na XI karni, jihar fara rarrabu cikin raba mulkoki. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci dade ba, da kuma kafin kowa hadari a fuskar wadannan trends Polovtsian tsaya. Amma daga baya, saboda ya karu mulkin gargajiya cibiyoyin da kuma kara da fama ikon da nobility, Kievan Rus har yanzu da dama a cikin fiefdoms. A 1132 ya fara wani lokaci na mulkin gargajiya fragmentation. Wannan Jihar harkokin, kamar yadda muka sani, akwai har zuwa Baftisma da All Rasha. A ra'ayin wani guda jihar ya zama mashahuri sa'an nan.

A symbolism na Slavic jihohi

Modern Slavic jihohi ne sosai bambancin. Sun bambanta ba kawai ta kabila ko yare, amma kuma manufofin gwamnati, da kuma matakin na kishin kasa, da kuma mataki na ci gaban tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, Slavs sauqin fahimta juna - har yanzu barin asalinsu a cikin hazo, na lokaci samar da wannan haukan da cewa ya musanta duk aka sani "m" masana kimiyya, amma wadda amincewa ce sociologists da kuma masana ilimin tunani na.

Bayan duk, ko da idan muka yi la'akari da flags na Slavic jihohi, za ka iya ganin wani tsari da kuma kama na launi palette. Akwai irin wannan abu - Pan-Slavic launuka. Domin da farko lokacin magana game da su a ƙarshen XIX karni a farko Slavic Congress a Prague. Magoya bayan ra'ayin daidaituwa dukkan Slavs ya kai tricolor tare da daidaita a kwance ratsi na blue, farin da kuma ja a matsayin ta da tutar. Jita-jita cewa model yi aiki a matsayin mai banner na Rasha m jiragen ruwa. Saboda haka, ko yana da zahiri - yana da matukar wuya ya tabbatar, amma flags na Slavic kasashen sukan halin da karami cikakken bayani, ba launuka.