Mutane Renaissance. Halayyar fasali na Renaissance

A lokacin da mafi girma da al'adu da kuma akida ci gaban Turai da ake kira Renaissance (14-16 karni, Renaissance), da kuma ajali buga Dzhordzho Vazari. Wani sabon Trend ya maye gurbin tsakiyar zamanai. Da shi shi ne lokaci na art, kasuwanci, sun samo asali da kimiyyar zamani, shi ya sanya da yawa binciken da kuma ƙirƙirãwa. Italiya ta zama cibiyar al'adu. Akwai wani bugu latsa, wanda sped up kan aiwatar da samun ilimi. Babban fasali na Renaissance - ne wadanda mutane yanayi na al'ada da kuma mayar da hankali a kan ayyukan mutane da kuma kansa. Girma sha'awa a cikin tarihi na tsufa, akwai wani irin Tarurrukan shi (Saboda haka sunan sabon zamanin). A wancan lokaci, kasashen yammacin Turai ya dauki da gubar a cikin kimiyya da fasaha da kuma al'adu. Bari mu yi la'akari da wannan lokaci na canji da kuma m takeoff.

Halayyar fasali na Renaissance

1. Human daukaka advantageously bil'adama Outlook.
2. Musu daga sama-aji gata, antifeodalizm.
3. Wani sabon wahayi na tsufa, mayar da hankali a kan wannan yanki.
4. Kwaikwayo na yanayi, halitta son a kome.
5. Mutane Renaissance saka manta da fatawowi da dama (kamar yadda irin).
6. The kawo dukkan fara dauki siffar kamar yadda wani zaman sashen dutsen.
7. Halin kirki nihilism, addini anarchism (gaskiya cewa mutane na Renaissance wa'azi alfãsha).

Canje-canje a cikin al'umma

Developing cinikayya, girma birni ya fara samar da sabuwar azuzuwan a cikin al'umma. Knights aka maye gurbinsu da harsunan 'yan barandan sojojin. Saboda da Gwargwadon binciken ya fara tartsatsi bauta. A Amirka da kasashen Turai sun riƙi fitar game da miliyan 12 Negroes na Afirka. Canza zamantakewa akida da ganewarsu. Hoton mutum a cikin Renaissance canza, yanzu shi ya samo asali daga wani m bawan Allah a cikin bauta cibiyar. Mamaye ta wurin bangaskiya a cikin marasa iyaka yiwuwa na zuciyar dan Adam, a cikin kyakkyawa da ƙarfin ruhu. Gamsuwa da duk halitta (na halitta ko na halitta) yana bukatar - shi ke da manufa na mutumin a cikin Renaissance.

halittar

A wannan lokaci, art aka rabu da craft. Architecture, zanen, sassaka - duk abin da ya canja.

architecture

Mene ne halayyar fasali na Renaissance a cikin wannan art form, abin da ya canza a kwatanta da tsakiyar zamanai? Yanzu sun fara rayayye gina da kuma ado ba kawai coci gini. Tartsatsi "domin tsarin" na tsufa, kuma ɗauke da m tsarin, ko na zama wani gungume ko al'amudi, kerarre a cikin nau'i na sculptures ko ado da ado. The gine na Gothic rinjaye. A daukan hankali misali ne wani babban coci Siena Dzhovanni Pizano.

Zanen da sassaka

Mutane Renaissance kawo wa art na zanen da na sarari mikakke hangen zaman gaba, ilimi ne na ilimin tiyata da kuma jiki rabbai. Akwai zane-zane da suke nuna scenes daga zamanin d yaren, da kuma yau da kullum iyali da misalai, kazalika da jigogi na kasa tarihi. Man Paint taimaki artists yi su da tsare-tsaren.

Arts lauye. Mutane da yawa 'yan baiwa bada kansu ga dama iri, da kuma bai tsaya a cikin cin gaban kawai a wani abu daya.

adabi

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) - cikin shahararrun mawãƙi na wannan zamanin. An haife shi a wani iyali na mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji a Florence. Dauke da kafa na zamani da wallafe-wallafen Italian. Sonnets Dante ya yaba soyayya ba to Allah amma ga sauki yarinya Beatrice, sun m, tsoro da kuma unearthly kyau.

Ya m sonnets ya rubuta a cikin yaren na kowa mutane da yin magana da harshen na high shayari. A mafi kyau yanki a cikin ayyukan dauke "Divine Comedy", wanda aka kira wani kundin sani na mutum rai. A mawãƙi ya mai da 'yan tawaye, domin ya sau biyu masa hukuncin kisa, amma ya tsere, da mutuwa da wannan, kuma ya mutu a sakamakon cutar da kuma talauci.

kimiyya

Ilimi ya zama gaske. A irin sadaukarwa na kimiyya. A lokacin da Renaissance rayayye gudanar tono, neman littattafai, halitta a gidan kayan gargajiya, Tours, library. Ancient Greek kuma Hebrew an fara da za a sanar a makarantu. Masana kimiyya sun gano heliocentric tsarin, da farko binciken na rashin iyaka na sararin duniya, samun ilmi na lissafi da kuma aljabara, da yawa daga canje-canje da kuma binciken sun kasance a cikin filin na magani.

Famous mutane na Renaissance

Wannan lokaci ya ba da shahararrun 'yan baiwa. A labarin da son ambaci waɗanda bã su da wanda babu wani tafarkin farfaɗowa.

Donatello

A babban mutum (real name Donato Di Niccolò di Betto Bardi) ya halitta sabon nau'in zagaye mutummutumai da sculptural kungiyoyin, wanda daga baya ya zama litattafansu na da irin da kuma tsari na Renaissance gine. Donatello da amfanoni da dama. Wannan mutum ya zo har da wani sculptural hoto, warware matsalar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta na Figures, na ƙirƙira wani sabon nau'in tombstones, jefa tagulla tunawa. Donatello ne na farko ya nuna wani tsirara mutumin a cikin dutse, da na sanya shi mai kyau da kuma m. A mafi kyau ayyukansu: David Lashe, mutum-mutumi na George, da wani kyakkyawan Judith, wasannin tunawa zuwa Gattamelata, Mariya Magdalina.

Masaccio

Real sunan Tommaso di Dzhovanni Di Simone Cassano (1401-1428). Damu zanen artist aka shagala, m da sha'aninsu dabam to kome fãce art. Ayyukansa za a iya gano ainihin fasali na Renaissance.

A frescoes, fentin a Florence na coci na Santa Maria del Carmine, da farko yi amfani da tsarin na mikakke hangen zaman gaba. New a wancan lokacin sun: ma'ana fuskoki, laconic kuma kusan uku-girma siffofi gaskiya. Depicting mu'ujiza, da artist hana ta Mystique. Mafi shahara aiki: "fitar daga Aljanna", "A Fall."

Johann Gutenberg

Daya daga cikin mafi girma da nasarorin da wannan mutum ya sabuwar dabara na bugu. Godiya ga wannan samu yada m ideas tausaya wajama'a, ta ƙara rubuce-rubuce.

Leonardo Vinci

Wannan baiwa aka ganin darajarsa a dukan lokaci. A Italiya ya haka multifaceted, cewa shi ne m nawa iyawa sõyayya a mutum daya. Leonardo da aka haife a kan Afrilu 15, 1452 kusa Florence (wuri Vinci), ya kasance ɗan wata notary Pierre Vinci, kuma mai sauki baƙauye. A shekaru 14, da yaron ya tafi karatu da zane-zane da kuma sculptor Verrocchio, yana daukan game 6 shekaru. Mafi mashahuri: "Madonna da Flower", "The Last bukin", "Madonna Litta", "Mona Lisa." Mafi sõyuwa kimiyya ya wadãtu da ilimin lissafi, kuma ya ce da cewa babu wani sahihanci a idanun inda ba shi yiwuwa a daidai lissafi. Wani lokacin kammala Leonardo cikin scares, ya mallaki} oron, sanya dubu binciken, wanda a yanzu suke da wuyar fahimta. Wannan kuwa babban mutum ne. Leonardo karatu da jirgin daga tsuntsãye, wanda wahayi zuwa gare shi to sabon binciken. Ya ƙirƙira tururi engine, jack, agogon ƙararrawa, pyramidal laima, tsara na farko da jirgin sama, da jirgin sama (sanya shi ba fãce a cikin karni na 20th) da kuma more. Leonardo ya bayyana cewa ko da mafi tsoro ideas mutum taba zuwa a fassara cikin gaskiya, kuma bai kasance dama. Taimako baiwa al'umma ne mai girma. Matashin kyau, karfi, witty. An ce, shi ya kasance wani dandy. Saboda haka, Leonardo kawai na musamman, m, kuma m, a kowace hanya.

ideas

Rukunan Renaissance zo saukar zuwa cewa wani mutum ne za a iya bayyana ba kawai ta ka'idodin addini.

Leonardo Bruni kare da Republican nau'i na gwamnati. Daina yi imanin cewa, manufofin dangantaka da coci, da yawa lokaci ya fara da za a bai wa mutum 'yanci.

Niccolo Machiavelli farko sun ƙaryata game da ra'ayin ikon Allah zuwa da basira vicar a kan ƙasa. Wannan ra'ayin da aka saukar a cikin sanannen aiki "The Prince". Dalibai na dokar makarantu kuma yanzu ya zama m saba da wannan aiki.

Zhan Boden ma ki tunanin Allah, ga kyauta daga iko, amma da ikon da ke jihar da ake gani a cikin daular mulkinsu. The m ya kamata kula da mutane, da kuma idan mutane ne da mulkin mai tanƙwasawa, ya iya kifar da shi, ko kashe shi.

Renaissance lokaci ya bawa bil'adama yawa talented mutane, amfani binciken, al'adu ci gaba, saboda wannan topic ne ko da yaushe ban sha'awa da kuma rare.