Mawallafin Ingila: daga farkon zamanai na zamani zuwa yau, fasali na haɓakawa

Shahararren Ingilishi ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 12 da na 13, ana danganta shi da sunayen masu fasaha irin su Jeffrey Chaucer, Robert Burns, John Keats da kuma William Shakespeare. Na farko da aikin wannan wallafe-wallafen Genre a UK da aka dauke su waka "Beowulf", mai suna bayan ta protagonist - da jarumi samari wanda ya kare kasar su daga yankunan da hare-haren da dragon. An rubuta waƙa a farkon karni na 13 kuma ya kasance cikakke samfurori na litattafan Anglo-Saxon na dā. Fiye da 10% na rubutu (da girman wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, shi ne 3182 layuka) da aka rubuta a kan tsohuwar harshen Turanci.

Mawallafin Ingila sune rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce waɗanda suka rubuta aiki cikin Turanci ba tare da la'akari da ƙasarsu, bangaskiya da wurin zama ba. A cikin makarantun Rasha da cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma kawai an yi nazari ne a kan ɗan littafin Turanci. Rasha makaranta sani sarai wanda shi ne Uilyam Shekspir, amma abu ne mai wuya su san sunayen Dzhozefa Addisona, Metyu Arnolda, Robert Browning.

Wanda ya kafa wallafe-wallafen Turanci a gaba ɗaya shi ne marubucin "Canterbury Tales" Jeffrey Chaucer wanda ya rayu a karni na 14. Babban aikinsa, wanda aka rubuta a Tsakiyar Turanci, ya ƙare. "Canterbury Tales" tarin rahotannin labarun da aka rubuta a cikin asali da kuma prosaic form (total 22). Dukkan labarun ne ake gudanar a madadin mahajjata zuwa Canterbury don yin sujada ga sassan martyr Thomas Beckett (a cikin fassarori na Rashanci, saint yakan kasance kamar Thomas na Canterbury).

Mawallafan marubuta suna iya ganewa a cikin salon gabatar da ayyukansu a ko'ina cikin duniya. Saboda haka, ma'anar Shakespeare mai shahara ba za ta iya rikicewa da ma'anar sauran mawallafa ba, duk da fassarar fassarorinsa a cikin harsunan waje. Yawancin matsalolin da William Shakespeare ya gabatar, wanda ya rayu a karni na 16, a cikin raunin da ya faru da shi, har yanzu yana da kyau a yau. A cewar shakespeare ta waƙoƙi, yawancin wasanni da aka shirya da yawa fina-finai da aka harbe a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ya tabbatar da marubucin sanarwa a duk faɗin duniya.

Yawancin masu karatu na Rasha sun san sunan George Byron. Wannan Turanci na mawaƙa-romantic ya zama shahara a karkashin sunan Ubangiji Byron. Byron ayyukan da aka sani zuwa Russia saboda su yawa fassarorin na kasida na Azurfa Age. Mafi shahararren littafi na Ubangiji Byron shine "Corsair", "Kayinu", "Lara".

Yawancin mawaƙa na Turanci Shekaru 16-19 da suka rubuta ayyukansu a cikin mabuɗin romanticism. Alal misali, John Keats, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1821, ya kawo sabbin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa a cikin waƙoƙin ƙasar. Ayyukansa suna cike da wani labari mai kyau game da dukan abubuwan farin ciki na rayuwa, kyakkyawan yanayin duniya. Mafi shahararrun ayyukan Keats shine "Daga Girkanci Girkanci" da "Ƙaddamarwa."

Daga cikin masu kirkiro na wallafe-wallafen wani wuri na musamman shi ne wurin mawaƙa na Ingila - mata: Elizabeth Browning, Gene Ingelow, Sarah Coleridge, Emily Bronte. A ƙarshe, ta hanyar, mafi yawancin sanannun dan Rasha ne na zane-zane na zane-zane a matsayin marubucin "Wuthering Heights" da kuma ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin nau'i na fata.

Authors na 19-20 ƙarni daga romantic style, ayyukansu sun mafi yawa da aka rubuta a cikin ruhu na naturalism. A cikin ƙasashenmu, marubuta mafiya marubuta na Turanci na karni na 20, kamar Harry Graham, marubucin "Poetic Economy", Keith Wright, marubucin "The Parrot of Sergeant Smith" da sauransu. Sakamakon binciken su ya bar alamar ba kawai a shafukan wallafe-wallafe da littattafai na lantarki ba, amma har ma a cikin zukatan masu sha'awar kayansu. Mawallafin Turanci na zamani da magabansu sun bar al'adun al'adu ga al'ummomi masu zuwa na duka 'yan kasashen waje da' yan kasashen waje.