Ernest Hemingway (Ernest Miller Hemingway): Halitta da kerawa (hoto)

Known duniya da American marubuci Ernest Hemingway ya ba da karanta bangare na duniya mai yawa wallafe-wallafen Masterpieces. Ya rubuta game da abinda ya koya, ya gani, ya ji kansa. Zai yiwu, sabili da haka, ayyukan Ernest Hemingway suna da kyau, masu arziki da ban sha'awa. Dalilin litattafansa da labaru shi ne rayuwa kanta, a cikin dukan bambancinta. Kalmomin gabatarwa, bambance-bambance da nau'i-nau'i a cikin ayyukan Hemingway sun kawo sabon launi ga wallafe-wallafen karni na 20 kuma wadatar da ita. A cikin wannan labarin, zamu yi kokarin ba da haske game da yanayin rayuwarsa, wanda ke boye daga idanu mai karatu.

Yara da kuma samari

Ernest Hemingway (hoto da aka ba da lokaci na marubucin) ya haife shi a farkon karni: Yuli 21 a 1899. Iyayensa sun rayu a wannan lokacin kusa da Chicago, a wani karamin gari mai suna Oak Park. Mahaifin Ernest - Clarence Edmond Hemingway - aiki a matsayin likita, mahaifiyar - Grace Hall - ya ba da dukan rayuwarta wajen kiwon yara.

Tun daga lokacin da ya tsufa, mahaifinsa ya samar da ƙaunar dabi'a a Ernest, yana fatan zai bi tafarkinsa - zaiyi nazarin kimiyya na halitta da magani. Clarence sau da yawa ya ɗauki ɗansa a kan jirgin ruwa, ya keɓe shi ga duk abin da ya san kansa. Da shekaru takwas, kadan Ernie ya san sunayen kowane tsire-tsire, dabbobi, kifaye, tsuntsaye wanda kawai za'a iya samuwa a Midwest. Hanya na biyu na matasa Ernest sune littattafai - yana iya yin sa'o'i a cikin ɗakin karatu na gida, nazarin wallafe-wallafen tarihi da aikin Darwin.

Mahaifiyar yarinyar tana yin shiri game da ɗanta na gaba-ta tilasta masa ya yi wasa da cello ya kuma raira waƙa a cikin cocin cocin, sau da yawa har ma da mummunan ayyukan makarantar. Ernest Hemingway da kansa ya yi imanin cewa ba shi da damar yin amfani da shi, domin a kowane hanya ya guje wa azaba mai zafi.

Abin farin ciki na gaske ne ga wani saurayi na zamani wanda ke tafiya zuwa arewacin Michigan, inda Hemingway yana da gida "Windmere." Tafiya a cikin shiru, wurare masu ban sha'awa a kusa da Lake Vallun, kusa da abin da ke gidan iyali, ya zama abin farin ciki ga Ernest. Babu wanda ya tilasta masa ya yi wasa da kuma raira waƙa, yana da cikakkiyar 'yanci daga mummunar yanayin gida. Zai iya daukar sandan kifi kuma ya tafi yini ɗaya zuwa tafkin, ya manta da lokaci, tafiya a cikin kurmi ko wasa tare da 'yan Indiya daga ƙauyen makwabta.

Ƙari ga farauta

Ernest yana da dangantaka mai dadi da kakansa. Yaron yana so ya saurari labarun game da rayuwa daga bakin tsohon mutumin, wanda daga baya ya koma zuwa ayyukansa. A 1911, Grandfather ya ba Ernie bindiga, mahaifinsa ya gabatar da shi ga tsohuwar aikin maza - farauta. Tun daga wannan lokaci, mutumin yana da sha'awar rayuwa, wanda zai ba da labari daga cikin labarun farko. Yawanci aikin zai ɗauki bayanin mahaifin, wanda hali da rayuwarsa ke damuwa Ernest. Domin dogon lokaci bayan mummunan mutuwar iyaye (Clarence Edmond Hemingway ya kashe kansa a shekara ta 1928), marubucin ya yi ƙoƙarin neman bayani game da wannan, amma bai samu ba.

Jarida

Bayan makaranta, Ernest bai shiga jami'a kamar yadda iyayensa ke so ba, amma ya koma Kansas City kuma ya sami aiki a matsayin jarida don jarida na gida. An ba shi mukamin gundumar birnin inda aka gina tashar jirgin kasa, babban asibitin da ofishin 'yan sanda. Sau da yawa a lokacin sa'o'i Ernest yayi hulɗa da wadanda aka kashe, masu karuwanci, masu tayar da hankali, masu shaida wuta da sauransu ba abin da ya faru ba. Kowane mutumin da wanda yaron ya fuskanta, ya yi la'akari da x-ray - yana kallo, yayi ƙoƙari ya fahimci ainihin motsin halinsa, ya kama aikin, yadda ya tattauna. Daga baya, duk wadannan abubuwan da tunani za su zama talikan ya wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu.

A lokacin aikin mai labaru, Ernest Hemingway ya koyi abu mafi muhimmanci - a fili, a fili kuma ya bayyana ainihin tunaninsa, ba a rasa cikakkun bayanai ba. Ayyukan da ake ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakiyar abubuwan da suka faru da kuma rubuce-rubuce da aka tsara ya zama tushen tushen nasarar nasa. Ernest Hemingway biography ne cike da paradoxes, ya ƙaunace aikinsa amma bar shi zuwa aikin barin yaki.

Wannan mummunar kalma "yaki"

A 1917, {asar Amirka ta sanar da shigarwa cikin yakin duniya na farko, American jaridu agitated samari sa tufafin da kuma je fagen fama. Ernest tare da dabi'ar ta'aziyya ba zai iya kasancewa ta sha bamban ba kuma yana so ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan taron, amma ya sadu da matukar juriya daga iyaye da likitoci (mutumin yana da gani mara kyau). Duk da haka, Ernest Hemingway ya samu damar zuwa gaban a shekara ta 1918, ya shiga cikin kungiyoyin masu aikin agaji na Red Cross. Dukkan wadanda aka tura su ne aka tura su zuwa Milan, inda aikin farko shine a rufe filin jirgin sama, wanda aka busa ranar da ta gabata. A rana ta biyu, an tura Ernest ne zuwa shinge a garin Shio, amma har ma a can ya kasa yin la'akari da aikin soja na gaskiya - katunan wasanni da wasan kwallon kwando, wanda mafi yawan sojoji suka shiga, ba su kasance kamar ra'ayin mutumin game da yaki ba.

Kira don samar da abinci ga sojojin a kan motar motsa jiki kai tsaye a kan fagen fama, a cikin ramuka, Ernest Hemingway ƙarshe ya cimma burin. "Farewell to Arms!" Wani aiki ne wanda yake rubuce-rubuce a rubuce wanda marubucin ya watsa dukkan motsin zuciyarsa da kuma lura da wannan lokacin na rayuwarsa.

Farko na farko

A watan Yulin 1918, wani direba na yarinya a kokarin ƙoƙarin ceto wani maciji mai fashewa ya fadi a cikin harsashi na bindigogi na Austrian. Lokacin da aka kai shi ga asibiti, ba shi da wurin rayuwa - dukan jikin ya cike da raunuka. Bayan an cire gutsurewa ashirin da shida daga jiki sannan kuma ya magance dukan raunuka, likitoci sun aika Ernest zuwa Milan, inda aka maye gurbinsa tare da wani dan kwallo a kan ƙwayar ƙarfin aluminum.

A asibitin Milan na Ernest Hemingway (wani labari daga asali na asali ya tabbatar da hakan) ya kashe fiye da watanni uku. A nan ne ya fara magana da wani jariri, inda ya fāɗi cikin ƙauna. Abokinsu kuma ya samo asali a cikin littafin "Farewell to Arms!".

Koma gida

A Janairu 1919, Ernest ya koma gida zuwa Amurka. An haɗu da shi a matsayin babban jarumi, a duk jaridu wanda zai iya ganin sunansa, Sarkin Italiya ya ba da kyautar Amurkan Sojan Amurka da Medal "For Valor".

Yayin shekara, Hemingway ya warkar da raunuka tare da iyalinsa, kuma a 1920 ya koma Kanada, inda ya ci gaba da binciken sa. Jaridar Toronto Star, wadda ta yi aiki, ta ba 'yancin' yan jaridu - Hemingway ya kyauta ta rubuta wani abu, amma ya sami albashi kawai don kayan aiki da aka buga da aka buga. A wannan lokacin mawallafin ya fara aikinsa na farko - game da yakin, game da manta da dakarun da ba a so ba, game da rashin girman kai da kuma ketare na tsarin mulki.

Paris

A watan Satumba na 1921, Hemingway ya kafa iyali, zabinsa shine dan wasan pianist Hadley Richardson. Tare da matarsa, Ernest ya haɗu da wani mafarki - yana motsawa zuwa Paris, inda a cikin hanyar yin hankali, nazarin nazarin gine-gine na rubuce-rubuce ya ba da basirar wallafe-wallafensa. Rayuwa a birnin Paris Hemingway da aka bayyana a cikin littafin "Bikin hutu wanda yake tare da kai kullum", wanda ya zama sananne ne kawai bayan mutuwarsa.

Ernest yana da aiki mai yawa da kuma aiki mai wuyar gaske don kare kansa da matarsa, saboda haka ya aikawa mako-mako zuwa jaridar "Toronto Star" abubuwan da suka hada da su. Gidan rediyon da aka samu daga takarda mai zaman kansa na ainihi abin da yake so - wani bayanin rayuwar jama'ar Turai a cikakkun bayanai kuma ba tare da ƙawata ba.

A 1923, Ernest Hemingway, wanda labarun dubban mutane sun rigaya ya karanta, ya sake fahimtar kwarewarsa tare da sababbin sanannun ra'ayoyinsu, da kuma bayanan da zai bayarwa ga mai karatu a cikin ayyukansa. Marubucin ya zama mai baƙo a cikin ɗakin littafin abokinsa Sylvia Beach. A can ya ɗauki littattafai don haya, kuma ya san da yawa da marubuta da masu fasaha. Tare da wasu daga cikinsu (Gertrudoy Stayn, James Joyce) Hemingway ya fara dogon dumi da kuma sada zumunci a tsakaninsu.

Lissafi

Littafin farko na marubuci, wanda ya kawo shi daraja, ya rubuta shi a cikin lokacin tun daga 1926 zuwa 1929. "Yara ba tare da mata ba," "Mai nasara ba shi da wani abu," "Killers", "Snow Kilimanjaro" kuma, a gaskiya, "Farewell to Arms!" Ya janyo zukatan masu karatu na Amurka. Kusan kowa ya san wanda Ernest Hemingway yake. Bayani game da aikinsa, ko da yake sun sabawa (wasu sunyi la'akari da marubuci masu basira, wasu kuma - basira), amma sun kara nuna sha'awar ayyukan jama'a. Littattafansa sun saya da karantawa ko da a lokacin rikicin tattalin arziki a Amurka.

Rayuwa a motsi

Ernest sau da yawa ya motsa daga wuri zuwa wuri, mafi yawancin rayuwarsa yana son tafiya. Don haka, a 1930, ya sake canza gidansa, a wannan lokaci yana zama a Florida. A can ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar, kifi da farauta. A watan Satumba na 1930, Hemingway ya shiga cikin mota mota, bayan haka, a cikin watanni shida, ya sake dawo da lafiyarsa.

A shekarar 1933, wani dan gudun hijirar ya fara tafiya zuwa gabashin Afirka. A nan ne ya sami babban abu: duka nasarar yaki da dabbobin daji, da kuma kamuwa da cuta tare da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, da kuma jin dadi na tsawon lokaci. Yawancin lokacin da ya kasance a rayuwarsa ya rubuta a cikin littafi mai suna "Green Hills of Africa."

Ernest Hemingway ba zai iya zama a wuri guda ba. Biography na marubuci ya ƙunshi bayanin cewa ba zai iya zama sha'aninsu dabam to da Spanish yakin basasa da ya tafi can da zaran akwai damar. A nan ne ya zama mai rubutun littafi game da batun yaki a Madrid da aka kira "Land of Spain".

A 1943, Ernest Hemingway ya koma aikin jarida kuma ya tafi London domin ya rufe abubuwan da suka faru a yakin duniya na biyu. A shekara ta 1944, marubucin ya shiga cikin fataucin sufuri a kan Jamus, ya jagoranci wani yanki na yan Faransa, ya yi yaki a fagen fama a Belgium da Faransa.

A 1949, Hemingway ya sake komawa - wannan lokacin zuwa Cuba. An haife shi littafinsa mafi kyau - "Tsohon Man da Bahar", wanda aka ba da marubutan Pulitzer da Nobel Prizes.

A shekarar 1953, Ernest ya sake tafiya zuwa Afrika, inda yake cikin mummunan hadarin jirgin sama.

Wannan mummunan ƙarshen tarihi

Baya ga gaskiyar cewa a cikin shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa marubucin ya sha wahala daga cututtuka na jiki, ya sami babban ciwo. Ko da yaushe yana tunanin cewa jami'an FBI suna kallon shi, cewa an kori wayarsa, an karanta wasikun, kuma an duba asusun banki a kullum. Domin magani, an aika Ernest Hemingway zuwa asibitin ƙwararrakin, inda ya kasance shahararren sha uku ga magungunan lantarki. Wannan ya haifar da asarar marubuci kuma ba zai sake haifuwa ba, wanda hakan ya kara tsananta yanayinsa.

Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan fitarwa daga asibitin, Ernest Hemingway ya harbe kansa a cikin bindiga a gidansa a Ketchum. 50 shekaru bayan mutuwarsa an bayar da rahoton cewa zalunci mania ya ba groundless - marubuci sosai a hankali da sanya idanu.

Babban marubucin Ernest Hemingway, wanda mutane da yawa a duniya suka san yanzu, sunyi rayuwa mai wuya da haske. Maganganun hikima da ayyukansa zasu kasance har abada cikin zukatan zukatan masu karatu.