Habitat na annelids. Fasali na annelids

Ka yi la'akari da yawan dabbobi da nazarin halittu suke nazarin - irin Ringworm. Mun koyi game da irin su, salon rayuwa da mazauninsu, tsarin gida da waje.

Babban Yanayi

Annelids (ma kawai ya kira su annelids, ko annelids) - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin su manyan kungiyoyin na dabbobi, wanda ya hada da, bisa ga daban-daban kafofin, game da 18 dubu jinsunan. Wadannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ne, waɗanda ba wai kawai suke shiga halakar kwayoyin halittu ba, amma har ma suna da muhimmiyar mahimman kayan abinci na wasu dabbobi.

Jiki na annelids ya raba ta kashi na ciki zuwa sassan, wanda ya dace da zoben ƙananan. Wannan alama ce ta ba da sunan zuwa nau'in. Daga cikin annelids, za a iya samuwa ne kawai a kan sake gina jiki, amma har ma masu juna biyu (tsutsotsi suna zaune a symbiosis tare da wani kwayoyin halitta), ectoparasites (rayuwa a jikin jiki), masu ciwon jini, masu tsinkaya, masu tayar da hankali, masu sintiri.

Habitat na annelids

A ina za ku sami wadannan dabbobi? Ma'adinan annelids suna da yawa sosai - ita ce teku, da ƙasa, da ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ke zaune a cikin ruwan gishiri na teku suna da bambanci. Kolchetsov za a iya samuwa a cikin dukkanin latitudes da zurfin duniya, har ma a kasa na Yankin Mariana. Hawan su yana da tsawo - har zuwa 100 000 kofe ta mita mita na kasa. Marine annelids su ne abincin da akafi so da kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin teku.

A cikin ruwa mai tsabta akwai ƙwayoyin cutar shan-jini - alamu, wanda, musamman, ana amfani dashi a magani. A cikin ƙasashe masu zafi, laguna zasu iya rayuwa a kan bishiyoyi da ƙasa.

Dabbobi na ruwa ba kawai sunwo tare da kasa ko burrow cikin laka, wasu daga cikinsu zasu iya gina tube mai karewa kuma suna rayuwa ba tare da sun bar shi ba.

Mafi yawan annelids da suke zaune a cikin ƙasa suna kiransa earthworms. Yawancin waɗannan dabbobi a cikin gandun daji da na gandun daji zasu iya kai har zuwa samfurin 600 da mita mita. Wadannan tsutsotsi suna shiga cikin samfurin kasa.

Ƙungiyoyin annelids

Game da shekaru 200 da suka wuce, Zhorzh Kyuve yi aiki a kan rarrabuwa na dabba duniya da kuma gano 6 iri daga cikin wakilan. Wadannan sun hada da arthropods - halittu, wadanda jikinsu suka kasu kashi: rassan cizfish, gizo-gizo, kwari, ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙuƙwalwa da ƙuƙwalwa.

Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da wasu siffofi na annelids, saboda abin da aka ware su a cikin nau'in raba. Wannan shine gaban celloma (ɓangaren jiki na biyu), metamerism (rarrabuwa) na jiki da kuma tsarin sigina. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya nuna annelids a gaban kasancewar wasu sifofi na motsi - walwala. Ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi suna da tsarin jin dadi, wanda ya ƙunshi kodin ciwon nadar supra-pharyngeal da kuma sashin layi na ciki. Tsarin tsarin jinƙai yana da ƙari.

Nau'in tsutsotsi na annelid ya kasu kashi 4. Ƙungiyoyin Ringworms:

1. Polychaete annelids (ana kiran su polychaetes). A cikin wannan ɗaliban, za'a iya bambanta ƙananan raƙuman uku: free-mobile, sit-attached da misostomies.
2. Pancake annelids (hagu).
3. Leeches. A cikin wannan aji akwai umarni 4: pharyngeal, maxillary, proboscis da setiform leeches.
4. Ehiurids.

Tsarin waje na kututtukan annelid

Kolchetsov za a iya kira shi da wakilai mafi tsayayyar kungiya na tsutsotsi. Sassan jikin su sun bambanta daga wasu nau'i na millimeter zuwa mita biyu da rabi! Jiki na tsutsa za a iya raba shi cikin kashi uku: da kai, akwati da tsinkaye lobe. Abubuwan fasalutun sunadaran shine cewa babu rabuwa a cikin rabuwa, kamar yadda a cikin dabbobi mafi girma, a cikin annelids.

A saman kututturewa suna da hanyoyi daban-daban. Yawancin annelids sun ci gaba sosai. Wasu nau'o'in annunciators na iya yin fariya da ido mai mahimmanci da kuma tsari mai ban mamaki. Duk da haka, kwayoyin hangen nesa zasu iya zama ba kawai a kan kai ba, amma kuma a kan wutsiya, jiki ko tentacles.

Ana ci gaba da tsutsotsi da dandano dandano. Tsutsotsi suna wartsakewa ta hanyar kasancewa da kwayoyin olfactory da kuma rami mai layi. An shirya gabobin da aka ji a cikin nau'i na locators. Wasu ehiruidy iya rarrabe tsakanin sosai low sauti ta hanyar ji gabobin, irin wannan a cikin tsarin to a kaikaice layi a kifi.

Sassan respiratory da tsarin ƙaddamarwa na ɓacin rai

Tsutsotsi masu tsutsawa suna numfasa duk jikin su. Amma a polychaetes akwai sassan jiki na numfashi - gills. Su ne siffa mai laushi, leaf-shaped ko plododia, wanda ya cika da yawancin jini.

Tsarin siginar ƙwayar worm annelid an rufe. Ya ƙunshi manyan manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu - kwakwalwa da dorsal, wanda suke da alaka da tasoshin ruwa a kowane sashi. Ana gudanar da motsin jini saboda sabuntawa na wasu yankunan ƙananan ƙwayoyi.

Tsarin siginar ƙwayar worm annelid ya cika da irin wannan a cikin mutane, tare da jinin jini. Wannan yana nufin akwai ƙarfe a cikinta. Duk da haka, kashi baya ɓangare na hemoglobin, amma na wani alade, haemeritrine, wanda ya karu sau 5 more oxygen. Wannan yanayin yana ba da tsutsotsi don rayuwa a cikin yanayin rashin isasshen oxygen.

Tsarin digestive da excretory

Za'a iya raba tsarin tsarin narkewa a cikin sassa uku. Ƙungiyar ta baya (stomodeum) ya hada da bude baki da kuma rami na bakin ciki, jaws, pharynx, glandes salivary da kuma yatsotsi mai zurfi.

Ƙungiyar murya, wadda ake kira da maƙallin buccal, yana iya juyawa waje. Bayan wannan sashen ne jaws da aka lankwasa a ciki. Ana amfani da wannan sashi don kama ganima.

Sa'an nan kuma ya bi da mesodeum, ƙuƙwalwar tsakiya. Tsarin wannan sashen yana da yalwa a cikin tsawon tsayin. Tsakanin tsakiya yana narkewa kuma yana fadada, yana cikin abin da ake sarrafa abinci. Hakan ya zama takaice, ya ƙare tare da budewa.

Ƙunƙarar ƙwayar da ake kira ta metanephridia, ana amfani da ita a kowane sashi. Suna faɗakar da samfurori na ayyuka masu mahimmanci daga rami.

Tsarin juyayi da hanyoyi

Dukkanin nau'o'in annelids suna da tsari mai juyayi. Ya ƙunshi nau'in ƙwayar nerve-pharyngeal, wadda aka samo ta daga haɗin gwiwar da ke da alaka da kuma kashi biyu, kuma daga nau'i biyu na sarkar ganglion mai ciki a kowane sashi.

An shirya sifofin jiki na sutura. Tsutsotsi suna da idanu masu ido, ji, ƙanshi, taɓawa. Wasu annelids ba kawai kama haske, amma kuma suna iya radiate shi.

Sake bugun

Annelids halayyar nuna cewa wakilan da irin wannan dabba iya haifa biyu jima'i da kuma asexually. Sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, za a iya za'ayi via jiki chunking. Wutsiyar ta ragargaje cikin halves, kowannensu ya zama mutum mai tsalle.

A wannan yanayin, wutsiyar dabba tana mai zaman kanta kuma yana iya bunkasa sabon shugaban. A wasu lokuta, shugaban na biyu ya fara farawa a tsakiyar jikin kututture kafin rabuwa.

Puncture ba shi da na kowa. Na musamman sha'awa su ne jinsunan da tsarin budding zai iya rufe dukan jiki lokacin da ƙarshen ƙare bud daga kowane kashi. A tsarin haifuwa, za'a iya kafa wasu buɗaɗɗiyar bayyane, wanda daga bisani zai raba tsakanin mutane masu zaman kansu.

Tsutsotsi na iya zama mummunan lalacewa, amma a wasu nau'o'in (ƙananan hanyoyi da ƙasa), hermaphroditism ya ci gaba lokacin da mutum biyu ke yin duka mata da maza a lokaci guda. Harkarwa zai iya faruwa a jiki da cikin yanayin waje.

Alal misali, marine tsutsotsi, jima'i haifuwa, hadi ne na waje. Dabbobi daban-daban suna jefa jigilar kwayoyin jikinsu a cikin ruwa, inda fuskokin qwai da spermatozoa ke faruwa. Daga ƙwai da aka hadu da ƙwayoyin suna nuna larvae, ba kama da manya ba. Ruwan ruwa da na sararin samaniya ba su da wani mataki na tsutsa, an haifi su nan da nan a tsarin ga manya.

Class Polychaete

Polychaete tsutsotsi da mafi girma yawan jinsunan tsakanin annelids. Kundin yafi wakiltar dabbobi masu cin gashin ruwa kyauta. Akwai ruwa mai tsabta da nau'in halittu.

Ruwan daji na ruwa na wannan aji suna da bambanci a cikin tsari da halayyar. Magunguna sun bambanta a cikin sashen mai suna da kyau da kuma ciwon suturar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙananan ƙafa. Su masu yawancin namiji ne, ci gaba da tsutsotsi ya auku tare da metamorphosis.

Nereid yin iyo sosai, zasu iya shiga cikin laka. Suna da jikin maciji da kuma ciwo mai yawa, dabbobi sunyi hanya tare da taimakon wani pharynx mai juyawa. Peskozhily a bayyanar kama da earthworms da burrow zurfi a cikin yashi. Wani abu mai ban sha'awa na tsutsaran tsutsaran ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa shi ne cewa yana motsawa a cikin sandar hydraulically, yana turawa cikin rami daga wani sashi zuwa wancan.

Tsutsotsi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu zamawa, serpulids, waɗanda suke rayuwa a cikin karkace ko kuma masu juyayi. Serulaids sun tsaya daga gidansu kawai kai ne da manyan gills.

Ƙananan Ƙananan

Tsutsotsi ƙanƙarar ƙananan cike da yawa suna zama ƙasa da ruwa mai tsabta, ana fuskantar su a cikin teku kawai sau ɗaya kawai. An tsara tsarin tsarin mahaifa na wannan aji ta hanyar rashin ciwon halayen jiki, sashin jiki na jiki, da kasancewa da tsummoki mai laushi a cikin mutane masu tasowa.

Ba'a bayyana maƙallin sashi ba, yana iya zama ba tare da idanu da kuma kayan aiki ba. A kan jiki akwai wasu abubuwa, abubuwan da ke cikin lalata. Wannan tsari na jiki shine saboda cewa dabba yana haifar da salon rayuwa.

Mafi tartsatsi da sanannun dukan maloshchetinkovymi sune tsuntsaye ne da ke zaune a cikin ƙasa. Jiki na kututture na iya zama daga sidimita daya zuwa mita uku (irin wadannan Kattai suna zaune a Australia). Har ila yau a cikin ƙasa akwai ƙananan ƙananan, game da kimanin centimeter in size, tsutsotsi masu tsutsotsi na enchytraeids.

A cikin ruwa mai tsabta, za ka iya samun magungunan tsutsotsi na tsutsotsi masu rayuwa a cikin yankuna. Su ne masu tanadar masu ajiyar da aka ciyar ta hanyar dakatar da sharan gona.

Class of Leeches

Duk hanyoyi ne masu cin nama, mafi yawancin suna cin abinci a kan jinin dabbobi masu zafi, tsutsotsi, mollusks, kifi. Maganin tsutsotsi masu tsauraran nau'i na launi na matukar bambanci. Yawancin lokutan ana samun filaye a cikin ruwa mai yalwa, ciyawa mai ciya. Amma kuma akwai siffofin daji, har ma da ƙwayoyin fata suna zaune a Ceylon.

Abin sha'awa shine sassan kwayoyi masu launi. Ana ba da bakinsu tare da nau'i uku na tsibirin, waɗanda suka yanke ta fata, ko proboscis. A cikin rami na bakin ciki akwai matuka masu yawa wadanda suke iya ɓoye asirin sinadaran, kuma pharynx yayi aiki a matsayin famfo a yayin da yake shan.

Ƙungiyar Ehiurid

Daya daga cikin nau'o'in dabbobi masu rarrafe wanda nazarin ilimin halitta ya kasance tsutsotsi ne na echihurid. Kundin echirid yana ƙananan, yana da kimanin 150 nau'in. Wadannan suna da taushi, tsutsotsi kamar teku tare da proboscis. Ƙungiyar tana samuwa a gindin abincin da ba a kai ba, wanda dabba zai iya zubar kuma yayi girma.

Yanayin ƙuƙwalwar ƙafa daga cikin Ehiurid shine babban zurfin teku, rami na yashi ko maɓallin duwatsu, ganyayyaki maras kyau da sauran wuraren mafaka. Tsutsotsi suna cikin tace.