Lactic fermentation: fasaha da kuma dole kayan aiki. Heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation

Nature damar da mutum ya ji dadin amfanin da cewa shi ya ƙunshi. A daidai wannan lokaci, wadannan mutane suna kokarin kara arziki, ya halicci wani sabon abu da kuma koyi har yanzu ba a sani ba. Kwayoyin cutar - wani kankanin halittar yanayi, wanda ake ma koya don su cuci mutane.

Amma shi ne ba kawai cutarwa, guda biyu tare da pathogenic matakai da cututtuka kawo wadannan prokaryotic kwayoyin. Su ma ne tushen muhimmanci masana'antu tsari da aka yi amfani da mutane da tun lokacin - fermentation. A wannan labarin, za mu dubi abin da tsari da kuma yadda za a aiwatar da takamaiman lactic fermentation jamiái.

A tarihin asalin da kuma yin amfani da fermentation

A farko ambaci cewa fermentation tsari da aka yi amfani da mutane domin manufar da samun wasu kayayyakin, akwai har yanzu 5000 BC. Wannan ke nan a lõkacin da Babiloniyawa amfani da wannan hanya domin samun kayayyakin, irin su:

• cuku.
• ruwan inabi.
• yogurt da kuma sauran kiwo kayayyakin.

Daga baya, kamar abinci ya fara samun a kasar Sin, Misira, da Sudan, Mexico da kuma sauran tsoho jihohi. Suka fara gasa yisti burodi, fermented kayan lambu, na farko a yunkurin tsare.

Lactic acid fermentation tsari amfani da mutane su na shekaru dubbai. Cuku, kefir, yogurt sun wani muhimmin ɓangare na gari a kowane lokaci. Amfanin wadannan kayayyakin san duk likitoci da kuma healers. Duk da haka, dalilai na yiwu hira da wannan irin na dogon lokaci zauna ba a sani ba.

Gaskiyar cewa fermentation yanayi bukatar gaban kwayoyin, mutane ko da ba zai iya dauka. A tsakiyar karni XVII Van Helmont bayar da gabatar da Kalmar "fermentation" tsari da shiri na abinci, wanda suna tare da gas juyin halitta. Bayan da translation, wannan kalma na nufin "tafasar." Duk da haka, kawai a cikin XIX karni, cewa shi ne kusan ɗari biyu bayan shekaru, Faransa microbiologist, sunadarai, kuma likita Louis Pasteur gano kasancewar duniya na microbes, kwayoyin.

Tun da ya zama sananne cewa daban-daban fermentation bukatar gaban dukan micro-kwayoyin ganuwa zuwa ido. Su binciken ya sanya shi yiwuwa a kan lokaci don sarrafa fermentation da kuma shiryar da shi a gefen dama na mutumin.

Jigon fermentation tafiyar matakai

Idan muka magana game da abin da fermentation tsari, shi ne zama dole a nuna ta biochemical yanayi. Bayan duk, a da ginshikin, yana da kawai aiki na kwayoyin da cewa sun sami kuzarin rayuwa, yayin da masu tasowa, da dama da-kayayyakin.

A general, da fermentation za a iya bayyana a kalma daya - hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Anaerobic Lalacewar wani abu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu kwayoyin cuta, wadda take kaiwa ga samuwar wani yawan kayayyakin. Wanne abu ne akai, da kuma abin da ya faru a sakamakon, m da irin tsari. Gane da dama zažužžukan fermentation, don haka shi yana da rarrabuwa for data canje.

rarrabuwa

A total akwai uku main iri fermentation.

1. Barasa. Shi ne da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbohydrate ga iyaye kwayoyin ethyl barasa, carbon dioxide, ruwa da kuma ATP kwayoyin (makamashi Madogararsa). Wadannan canje suna da za'ayi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ba kawai kwayoyin cuta, amma kuma fungi daban-daban danginsu da kuma nau'in. A wannan hanya daga a tarihi mai nisa shirya abinci kamar giya, ruwan inabi, yisti yin burodi barasa. A makamashi da cewa an saki a lokacin bazuwar na wani carbohydrate, an kashe a software matakai na kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne jigon da nazarin halittu tsari.
2. Fermentation na lactic acid ne a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbohydrates to lactic acid tare da saki da dama byproducts. Yadda aka yi da kuma abin da iri hali, wani kusa duba on.
3. Butyric. Wannan irin fermentation ne mai muhimmanci a cikin halitta sikelin. Yana yana da za'ayi a kudi na m aiki na butyric acid kwayoyin cuta, wadda rayuwa a anaerobic yanayi a kasa na swamps, kogin laka, da sauransu. Saboda yanayin aikinsu da aka sarrafa babbar adadin kwayoyin aka gyara. Products su da yawa abubuwa, daga cikinsu da babban butyric acid. Har ila yau rarrabe: acetone, isopropyl barasa, carbon dioxide, acetic acid, lactic acid, ethyl barasa da kuma sauran mahadi.

Kowace daga cikin kaddamarda irin muhimmanci biyu na halitta da kuma masana'antu sikelin. Irin kwayoyin dauke da irin canje suna da kyau karatu zuwa ranar, da kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna horar da artificially domin ya sami high yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Lactic fermentation: general ra'ayi

Wannan irin fermentation ne da aka sani tun da mafi zamanin da. Wani BC mazaunan zamanin d Misira da kuma sauran ƙasashe sun iya tsirar cuku, daga giya da ruwan inabi, gasa burodi, acidify kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itãce.

Yau musamman amfani da su ferment kiwo kayayyakin, artificially girma damuwa dacewa kwayoyin. Tsari modernized kuma kawo automaticity, yana da za'ayi amfani da kayan aiki komplektatsionnogo. Akwai da yawa masana'antun cewa an kai tsaye samar lactic fermentation.

Jigon da dukan tsari za a iya takaita a cikin 'yan sakin.

1. Domin babban samfurin da aka dauka carbohydrate tushen - sauki (fructose, glucose, pentoses) ko ester (sucrose, sitaci, glycogen, da dai sauransu).
2. Halitta anaerobic yanayi.
3. A samfurin podselyayutsya wasu damuwa na lactic acid kwayoyin nau'in.
4. Samar da dukan zama dole waje dalilai da suke da mafi kyau duka domin da ake so samfurin: haske, zazzabi, gaban wasu ƙarin aka gyara, matsa lamba.
5. Bayan kammala fermentation samfurin daukan wuri kuma zaɓi aiki na duk gefen sadarwa.

Hakika, wannan ne kawai a general bayanin abin da ke faruwa. A gaskiya, a kowane mataki akwai da yawa hadaddun biochemical halayen, domin aiwatar da lactic fermentation - shi ne sakamakon m aiki na dabba.

Bisa lactic acid fermentation

Daga cikin sinadaran ra'ayi, wadannan canje ne jerin bi da bi matakai.

1. Na farko, wani canji a cikin na farko substrate, Ina nufin carbon sarkar dabam abu (carbohydrate). Wannan take kaiwa ga tsaka-tsakin quite a daban-daban yanayi, ne na daban-daban azuzuwan. Alal misali, idan tushen substrate - glucose, shi ne rearranged zuwa gluconic acid.
2. Redox halayen tare da saki na gas, da samuwar byproducts. Ainihin naúrar a cikin dukan tsari ne lactic acid. An samar da tara a cikin shakka daga fermentation. Duk da haka, wannan ba kawai connection. Saboda haka, akwai wani samuwar kwayoyin na acetic acid, ethyl barasa, carbon dioxide, ruwa, da kuma wani lokacin wasu hidima.
3. A samar da makamashi amfanin ƙasa na aiwatar a cikin nau'i na kwayoyin na adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Daya glucose kwayoyin ne biyu kwayoyin na ATP, idan fara substrate na hadadden tsarin, kamar cellulose, sa'an nan uku kwayoyin na ATP. Wannan makamashi da ake amfani da lactic acid kwayoyin kara aiki.

Hakika, idan ya fahimci biochemical canje a daki-daki, shi wajibi ne don saka duk matsakaici kwayoyin da kuma gidaje. Kamar misali:

• pyruvic acid.
• adenosine diphosphate.
• nikotinamindifosfata kwayoyin kamar yadda hydrogen transporter da sauransu.

Duk da haka, wannan batun ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari ta fuskar Biochemistry, don haka ba zai shafi wannan labarin. A kusa look at abin da fasaha na samar da madara da samfurori da kuma abin da iri fermentation karkashin shawara a can.

homofermentative fermentation

Homofermentative fermentation na lactic acid da ya shafi yin amfani da musamman siffofin pathogens da kuma daban-daban daga heterofermentative karbi kayayyakin da su yawa. Yana faruwa a kan glycolytic hanya a cikin sel da kananan kwayoyin. Batun shi ne, a matsayin dukan daga duk wani fermentation a cikin hira carbohydrates cikin lactic acid. Babban amfani da wannan tsari ne cewa amfanin ƙasa na so samfurin da aka 90%. Kawai sauran part ke da gefen sadarwa.

A kwayoyin ferment irin wannan da wadannan iri:

• Streptococcus lactis.
• Lactobacillus casei.
• Lactobacillus acidophilus da sauransu.

Abin da sauran abubuwa suna kafa a sakamakon homofermentative fermentation? Yana tana gina, kamar:

• ethyl barasa.
• maras tabbas acid.
• carbon dioxide.
• fumaric acid da kuma succinic acid.

Duk da haka, a cikin masana'antu, wannan hanya na samar da m madara kayayyakin da aka kusan taba amfani. Ya zauna a cikin yanayi a matsayin farko na glycolysis, shi ya faru a cikin tsoka Kwayoyin na dabbobi masu shayarwa tare da m motsa jiki.

Technology ga mutum abinci mai gina jiki da samar da so kayayyakin da ya shafi yin amfani da tushen carbohydrates, kamar:

• glucose.
• sucrose.
• fructose.
• mannose.
• sitaci da sauransu.

A homofermentative kwayoyin ba su iya oxidize da yawa daga cikin wadannan mahadi, su yi amfani da matsayin Starter al'adu a samar ba zai yiwu.

Heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation

Wannan hanya shi ne daidai industrially m saboda abin da samar da daukan sanya duk kiwo kayayyakin, gwangwani da kayan lambu ne da za'ayi, akwai wani billet silage fodder.

Babban bambancin daga baya aka bayyana - shi ne cewa lactic fermentation dauki activators samar da wata ya fi girma yawan by-kayayyakin. Kawai 50% na sukari da aka sarrafa a cikin lactic acid kwayoyin cuta, yayin da sauran ke da samuwar wadannan kwayoyin kamar:

• acetic acid.
• glycerol.
• carbon dioxide.
• ethyl barasa da sauran.

Mene ne mafi alhẽri, kuma mai rahusa fiye da samuwar 90% m lactic acid da homofermentative Hanyar? The abu ne cewa, a lokacin da babban samfurin samar da yawa, da rayuwar da yawa kwayoyin da aka hana a duk. Bugu da kari, da yawa abinci rasa dandano halaye da aka samu ta hanyar gefen sadarwa. Alal misali, mai dadi ƙanshi na gwangwani kayan lambu bayar da acetic acid da kuma isoamyl barasa. Idan wadannan mahadi ba, sakamakon zai zama adana quite daban-daban.

lactic acid amfanin ƙasa na 50% ne isa ya kashe da ci gaba da kuma aiki na duk extraneous fungi da kwayoyin a cikin tsarin. Saboda ko da 1-2% dalili ma da karfi acidification na yanayi, wanda ba zai iya zama wani kwayoyin, wasu fiye da lactic acid kwayoyin cuta. A duka tsari ne da za'ayi a kan pentose phosphate hanya.

Sharuddan tare da heterofermentative fermentation Hanyar zai zama kamar haka:

• kyau da kuma sabo ne yisti da aka kara a farko.
• ganiya muhalli yanayi, wanda aka zaba domin kowane samfurin akayi daban-daban;
• high quality, kuma da-kayyade kayan aiki;
• duk bukata domin aiwatar da fasaha na'urorin.

Daga cikin muhalli da yanayi na musamman muhimmancin ne tsari da zazzabi. Yana kada ta kasance da muni, amma sanyi kuma ba zato dakatar da dukan shakka daga cikin fermentation.

Yau akwai na musamman fermentation jirgin ruwa, wanda ta atomatik halitta dukan zama dole yanayi na daidai da dadi aiki na kwayoyin.

kayan aiki ake bukata

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, daga cikin mafi muhimmanci halayen da za a lura fermentation jirgin ruwa. Idan muka magana game da m hali hanya, to ya kamata ka kula da m na kayayyakin amfani a cikin adana, samar da yogurt da kuma sauran kayayyakin. Daya hanyar cimma wata raguwa a yawan kasashen waje alƙarya da kwayoyin ne sterilization kwantena kafin yin amfani da su.

Abin da cookware ne dace da heterofermentative fermentation? Yana iya zama gilashin ko high quality roba (propylene, polyethylene) ganga wanda yake iya zama tam rufaffiyar murfi.

A cikin masana'antu amfani da musamman na'urar for disinfecting kuma yana tsarkake ganga kafin fermentation tsari.

A kwayoyin amfani a cikin tsari

Idan muka magana game da al'adun kwayoyin ake amfani da su samar da gwangwani da kuma kiwo kayayyakin, yana yiwuwa a gano wasu daga cikin mafi kowa iri kwayoyin.

1. Acidophilus Bulgarian bacillus.
2. Lactobacillus jinsunan Sporolactobacillus inulinus.
3. Bifidobacteria.
4. Leykonostoki.
5. Lactic acid cocci.
6. Lactobacilli jinsunan L. Casei.
7. Kwayoyin cutar na HALITTAR Streptococcus da sauransu.

By hada da m al'adu gano kwayoyin da aka sanya don ferment kiwo kayayyakin. Su ne a fili available, za su iya saya kowa. Abu mafi muhimmanci shi ne don tsayar da yanayin da fermentation tsari domin amfana daga sakamakon samfurin.

Abin da kayayyakin an samu a sakamakon wannan ferment?

Idan muka magana game da abin da irin fermentation kayayyakin za a iya samu tare da taimakon lactic acid kwayoyin cuta, shi ne zai yiwu don suna 'yan manyan Categories.

1. Dairy kayayyakin lantarki (fermented gasa madara, yogurt, Varentsov, yogurt, gida cuku, kirim mai tsami, man shanu, acidophilic kayayyakin, da dai sauransu).
2. Hay silos domin aikin gona da dabbobi.
3. Lactic acid, wanda aka yi amfani a cikin yi da taushi drinks, tanning furs da sauransu.
4. Baking, cuku shawara.
5. Canning 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.

Duk wannan ya tabbatar da muhimmancin wasu iri kwayoyin cuta a cikin rayuwar mutane, su masana'antu ayyukan.