Mutational canzawa da iri maye gurbi

Kalmar "maye gurbi" ya zo daga Latin kalmar "mutatio", wanda ma'anarsa shine - canji ko canji. Mutational canzawa nuna barga, kuma a bayyane gyare-gyare na kayyade kayan da aka nuna a cikin hereditary halaye. Wannan shi ne na farko mahada a sarkar samuwar kuma pathogenesis na hereditary cututtuka. Wannan sabon abu da aka rayayye yi karatu a karo na biyu da rabi na karni na 20th, kuma yanzu mafi kuma mafi sau da yawa za ka iya ji cewa mutational canzawa ya kamata a yi karatu, kazalika da ilimi da kuma fahimtar wannan inji zama da key ga shawo kan matsalolin 'yan Adam.

Akwai da dama iri maye gurbi a cikin sel. Su rarrabuwa dogara da jinsunan da Kwayoyin kansu. Generative maye gurbi da faruwa a cikin jam sel, germline Kwayoyin ma wanzu. Duk wani canje-canje suna gaji da aka sau da yawa samu a cikin zuriyata Kwayoyin, daga tsara zuwa tsara ne haƙĩƙa, sun shige a yawan sabawa abin da kyakkyawan zama dalili na cutar.

Somatic maye gurbi ne asexual Kwayoyin. Su peculiarity shi ne cewa su bayyana ne kawai ga mutum wanda ya bayyana. watau canje-canje ba su gaji zuwa wasu Kwayoyin, amma kawai a lokacin da rarraba a jiki daya. Somatic mutational canzawa aka bayyana m lõkacin da ya fara a farkon matakai. Idan wani maye gurbi ya auku a farkon matakai na crushing zygote, akwai wani da ya fi girma cell Lines daban-daban daga juna genotypes. Haka kuma, da ya fi tsayi a Kwayoyin zai gudanar da maye gurbi, irin kwayoyin ake kira mosaic.

Matsayin tsarin jinsin

Mutational canzawa aka bayyana a tsarin jinsin cewa bambanta daban-daban matakan da kungiyar. Maye gurbi na iya faruwa a gene, chromosome da genome matakin. Dangane da wannan canji da iri maye gurbi.

Canjin shafi DNA tsarin, inda ya canjãwa a matakin kwayoyin. Irin wannan canje-canje, a wasu lokuta ba zai shafi viability na gina jiki, watau, aiki ba ya canja. Amma a wasu lokuta, yana iya zama m ilimi da cewa riga ya tsaya da gina jiki to yi ta aiki.

Maye gurbi a cikin chromosomal matakin riga kawo barazana saboda sun shafi samuwar chromosomal cututtuka. A sakamakon wannan bambancin ne canje-canje a cikin tsarin chromosomes, kuma akwai riga da dama kwayoyin halittu da hannu. Saboda wannan, kuma zai iya canza al'ada diploid sa, bi da bi zai yi wani tasiri a kan total DNA.

Ilimin kwayoyin hali maye gurbi kazalika da chromosome iya haifar da samuwar chromosomal cuta. Misalan maye gurbi a wannan matakin - aneuploidy da polyploidy. Wannan karuwa ko raguwa a yawan chromosomes cewa ga wani mutum mafi kusantar zama na mutuwa.

Gene maye gurbi da dangantaka trisomy, ta nuna muhimmancin gaban uku homologue chromosomes a karyotype (karuwa adadin). Irin wannan deflection sakamakon a cikin samuwar Edwards ciwo da Down ta ciwo. Monosomy nufin gaban kawai daya daga cikin biyu homologue chromosomes (karu adadin), kusan kawar da al'ada ci gaban da tayi.

A sabili da waɗannan mamaki suna da keta a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba jam sel. Wannan na faruwa a sakamakon jinkiri anaphase - homologue chromosomes a lokacin cell division tafi zuwa ga dogayen sanda, da kuma daya daga gare su iya ci gaba up. Akwai kuma manufar "ba disjunction", a lokacin da chromosomes ba za a iya raba matakai na mitosis ko meiosis. Wannan results a cikin bayyanuwar cuta mai sãɓãwar launukansa a tsanani. A binciken da wannan sabon abu zai taimaka wajen warware da sunadaran da, kuma tabbas za su sa shi yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen da tasiri wadannan matakai.