Brinell Hanyar: siffofin da ainihi

Domin sanin taurin daga cikin kayan fi amfani da Swedish m Brinell firtsi - a Hanyar da cewa ƙaddara surface dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye na polymer ba ƙarin karafa.

Evaluation na kayan

Shi ne da godiya ga wannan samu yanzu kiyasta hanyar mafi tasiri aikace-aikace na robobi. Ba ma high taurin roba bari for elasticity da softness da za a yi amfani da matsayin sealant, sealing da GASKET abu. Development Brinell - wani Hanyar domin sanin da ƙarfi, kuma tauri daga cikin kayan, wanda za ku bauta wa muhimmanci constructions - a cikin kaya ƙafafun da rawanin, bearings karkashin nauyi kaya, da cikakken bayani game da Threaded sadarwa, da dai sauransu

Evaluation ƙarfi bada mafi m ne wannan hanya. A siga darajar, wanda aka denoted R1V, overemphasized. Da aka fi amfani da wannan manufa Brinell ci gaba - da hanyar a cikin abin da biyar millimeter karfe ball aka guga man a cikin littattafai. Bisa ga zurfin da ball indentation da aka ƙaddara ta Gost.

labarin

A shekarar 1900, injiniya daga Sweden, Yuhana Avgusta Brinell hanya, ya samarwa duniya kayan kimiyya, sanya shahara. Ba wai kawai an ya mai suna girmama na kirkiro, amma kuma zama mafi yadu amfani daidaita.

Mene ne taurin? Wannan musamman dukiya daga cikin abu, ba fuskanci roba nakasawa na lamba na gida tasiri cewa sau da yawa zo saukar zuwa aiwatar indektora (a m jiki) a cikin littattafai.

Mayar da unrestored tauri

Brinell Hanyar taimaka auna rage taurin, wanda aka ƙaddara da rabo daga cikin kaya zuwa girma na firin awut, da tsinkaya yanki ko surface area. Kamar wancan ne, taurin ne volumetric, da kuma wani aikin surface. A karshen ne m da rabo daga: load zuwa buga yankin. Bulk taurin aka auna da kaya rabo ga ƙarfi daga gare shi, da kuma lebur - load da tsinkaya yanki, wanda ya bar wani bugu.

Unreduced Brinell taurin bisa ga Hanyar tsare ta wannan sigogi, kawai auna darajar zama asali ja karfi, da rabo daga abin da zuwa surface yankin, juz'i ko tsinkaya nuni saka a cikin kayan indektor. Haka lasafta girma, da kuma lebur surface taurin: da rabo daga da juriya da karfi to ko dai da surface yankin na yi lõma da kashi indektora ko zuwa yankin na ta tsinkaya, ko dai ƙarar.

Tabbatar da dalilin da taurin

Da ikon yin tsayayya da roba da kuma na roba nakasawa a lokacin da hõre wani more m abu indektora - da definition taurin, Ina nufin, shi ne a gaskiya a gwajin abu to indentation. Hanyar domin aunawa Brinell taurin - ji na yadda zurfin indektor shiga cikin littattafai. Don san ainihin darajar da taurin littattafai, shi ne zama dole don auna zurfin shigar azzakari cikin farji. Don yin wannan, akwai wata hanya da Brinell da Rockwell, Vickers Hanyar wuya amfani.

Idan Rockwell Hanyar kai tsaye kayyade dutsen ado shigar azzakari cikin farji zurfin cikin littattafai, da kuma Vickers Brinell alamar an auna ta surface area. Sai dai itace cewa da zurfi indektor a littattafai, da bugu da aka samu ya fi girma yankin. Taurin za a iya gwada cikakken wani kayan: ma'adanai, karafa, robobi da kuma kamar, amma aka ƙaddara da taurin kowane daga cikinsu da kansa Hanyar.

Yadda za a sami wani hanya

Hanyar domin tabbatar da dalilin da Brinell taurin ne sosai kyau ga inhomogeneous kayan, gami, wanda ba su da wuyar. Ba wai kawai da irin kayan da kayyade Hanyar ji, amma sũ ne da sigogi da za a m. Taurin ne auna matsayin gami sun kaddarance tun da suka rayu tare da kayayyakin da halaye daban-daban. Ga misali, da baƙin ƙarfe. Ya na da sosai inhomogeneous tsarin, akwai yanzu cementite, graphite, perlite, ferrite, sabili da haka auna taurin Cast baƙin ƙarfe - kaddarance darajar, da sharuddan da taurin duk aka gyara.

Ji na taurin karafa bisa ga Brinell Hanyar ne da za'ayi amfani da wani babban indektora to bugu kunna fi girma samfurin yankin. Kamar wancan jefa baƙin ƙarfe da kuma iya shirya a karkashin wadannan yanayi da darajar da cewa shi ne wani talakawan na da yawa kuma daban-daban bulan. Wannan hanya ita da kyau a lokacin da auna taurin gami - baƙin ƙarfe, nonferrous karafa, jan, aluminum da kuma kama. Quite daidai, wannan hanya ya nuna darajar da taurin robobi.

Rockwell vs.

Yana da kyau ga tukuru da kuma superhard karfe da kuma taurin da sakamakon darajar da aka ma a kaddarance. Indektorom ne karfe ball ko wani mazugi, amma wanin wadannan da ake amfani, da kuma wani lu'u-lu'u dala. A bugu a kan abu kamar yadda aka auna da Rockwell hanya kuma samu manyan da kuma taurin da lambar daban-daban bulan kaddarance.

Brinell Rockwell sikelin kuma suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin manufa: a cikin tsohon sakamakon da aka gabatar a matsayin quotient bayan rarraba karfi da matsi da surface na buga yankin, amma Rockwell calculates da rabo daga shigar azzakari cikin farji zurfi daga cikin sikelin naúra zuwa ma'auni zurfin. Shi ya sa Rockwell tsanani kusan dimensionless, kuma HB ne a fili auna a kilo da square millimeter.

Vickers taurin gwajin

Idan samfurin ne ma kananan ko dole ji ƙi karami fiye da darajar indektora sawun cewa mataki taurin Rockwell ko Brinell taurin, shi wajibi ne don amfani da microhardness dabaru, tsakanin wanda mafi m - Vickers. Indektorom ne lu'u-lu'u dala, amma da bugu da aka yi nazari da kuma auna ta an Tantancewar tsarin, kama da wani hange. Zama da shi aka sani zuwa ga kaddarance darajar, ma, amma tauri da aka lasafta a wata yawa karami yankin.

Idan sikelin da abu da za a auna quite kananan, yana amfani da Micro Durometer, iya yin wani alama a wani mutum hatsi, da lokaci, Layer, da kuma indentation kaya za a iya zaba da kansa. Metallography damar yin amfani da wadannan hanyoyi da kuma sanin taurin kuma microhardness da karafa da kuma kayan kimiyya a cikin wannan hanya kayyade taurin kuma microhardness na nonmetallic kayan.

da kewayon

Akwai uku jeri domin aunawa daga bãyan wancan. Macro kewayon kayyade ta kaya darajar daga 2 N zuwa 30 kN. Microrange ƙuntatãwa ba kawai load a kan indektor, amma kuma zurfin shigar azzakari cikin farji. A farko darajar ne kasa da 2 N, da kuma na biyu - fiye 0.2 microns. A nanoscale kayyade kawai da zurfin shigar azzakari cikin farji indektora - kasa da 0.2 microns. A sakamakon ba nanotvordost abu.

Ji sigogi dogara da farko a kan kaya da ake amfani da su indektoru. Wannan dogara ne ko samu musamman sunan - size sakamako a kan English - indentation size sakamako. Girman sakamako za a iya ƙaddara form indektora. Siffar zobe - taurin ƙaruwa tare da kara load, saboda haka, girman sakamako ne m. Vickers dala Berkovich ko rage taurin tare da kara aza (a nan, al'ada ko mike-girma sakamako). A mazugi-Sphere, wanda ake amfani da Rockwell sikelin, ya nuna cewa wani karuwa a load qara farko taurin, sa'an nan gabatarwar da siffar zobe rabo an rage.

Materials da kuma hanyoyin da ji

Mafi wuya a yau daga data kasance kayan - biyu carbon versions: lonsdalite rabin lu'u-lu'u ne m, a taurin, kazalika da fullerenes cewa ta fi gaban lu'u-lu'u sau biyu. Practical aikace-aikace na wadannan kayan da ya kawai kawai fara, da kuma yayin da na fi na kowa ne mafi wuya lu'u-lu'u. Tare da taimakonsa, ya kafa taurin duk karafa.

Hanyar domin tabbatar da dalilin da (mafi m) an jera a sama, amma don su gane halaye da kuma fahimtar bukatar la'akari da wasu, wanda za a iya raba tsauri, watau buga da kuma a tsaye, wanda an riga an dauke. ji hanya kuma ya kira wani sikelin. Ya kamata a tuna cewa mafi mashahuri ne har yanzu da Brinell sikelin, taurin wanda aka auna da diamita na indentation, wanda ya fita da karfe ball aka guga man a cikin surface daga cikin kayan.

Tabbatar da dalilin da taurin

Brinell Hanyar (Gost 9012-59) damar zuwa rikodin taurin lambar ba tare da raka'a, denoting ta HB, inda H - taurin (taurin), da kuma B - zahiri Brinell. Buga yankin da aka auna a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani Sphere maimakon a madauwari yankin, kamar yadda ya aikata da kewayon Meyer misali. Rockwell sikelin ne daban-daban a wannan zurfin definition a ciki ball ko mazugi abu taurin lu'u-lu'u da aka samu dimensionless. An sanya HRA, HRC, HRB, ko HR. Formula for kirga taurin ne kamar haka: HR = 100 (130) - KD. Ga d ne zurfin embedment, kuma k - factor.

Vickers taurin za a iya ƙaddara da hanyar da bugu bar ta tetrahedral dala aka guga man a cikin surface abu dangane da kaya da aka amfani da dala. Print yankin - ba wani lu'u-lu'u, da kuma wani ɓangare na da square dala. Vickers girma kamata a yi la'akari a matsayin Sar da mm ^2, denoted naúrar HV. Akwai kuma hanyar aunawa da baki (indentation), yawanci amfani ga polymers, kuma yana da goma sha biyu ji ma'auni. Baki asker dace sikelin (da Japan version ga taushi da kuma na roba kayan) suna kama da baya Hanyar, kawai da sigogi na aunawa na'urar ne daban-daban da kuma amfani da daban-daban indektory. Wani Hanyar baki - billa - to high-modulus cewa ne da wuya ƙwarai kayan. Yana iya ƙarasa da cewa duk hanyoyin da aunawa da taurin abu, zuwa kashi biyu Categories - tsauri da kuma a tsaye.

Instruments da kuma kayayyakin aiki

Na'urorin don tabbatar da dalilin da taurin kira tvordomerami, wannan ji kayan aiki. Gwaji da daban-daban da tasirinsa a abu, haka hanyoyin iya zama hallakaswa da shi ba a hallaka. Tsakanin dukkan wadannan ma'aunan ba su da wata dangantaka ta kai tsaye, tun babu wani daga cikin hanyoyin ba daidai da muhimman hakkokin Properties daga cikin abu a gaba ɗayansa.

Duk da haka giggina isasshe m tebur, inda suka daure sikelin da hanyoyi daban-daban domin nau'i-nau'i daga kayan da da mutum kungiyoyin. Samar da wadannan alluna da aka yi zai yiwu bayan jerin gwaje-gwajen da kuma gwaje-gwaje. Duk da haka, shirme wanda zai ba da damar daya daga mai aiki da na'urar kwamfuta hanyoyi don canzawa daga daya yanayin zuwa wani ba ya wanzu. A musamman Hanyar da wanda taurin aka ƙaddara ne yawanci zaba bisa samuwa kayan aiki, aunawa ayyuka yanayin da shi, kuma ba shakka, da kaddarorin da kayan kanta.