Abin da ake kira duniya ta teku? Tekuna: Resources

Neman a jiki taswirar hemispheres, za mu iya ganin m rarraba ƙasar da ruwa a duniya ta surface. Babbar nahiyoyi a warwatse a kan duniya ta teku, kamar tsibiran. A Kudancin Hemisphere a ƙasar asusun kasa da 20%, a Arewa - game da 40%. Abin da ake kira duniya ta teku, a labarin kasa, da lafiyar qasa, da sauran ilimomin da ƙasa? Wannan shi ne mafi muhimmanci rabo daga hydrosphere - ruwa harsashi na duniya tamu. Yadda yawa teku a duniya, wasu daga cikinsu da most a yankin da kuma warmest? Wadannan da wasu tambayoyi an amsa a wannan labarin.

Abin da ake kira duniya ta teku (MO)?

Duk da ruwa a duniya ya samar da wata guda harsashi sassa dagane keke na H ₂ Ya kwayoyin da sauran abubuwa. Tsaro - shi ne a ci gaba da kashi na hydrosphere, wanda lissafinsu a kan 94% na jimlar yanki na ruwa a duniya (tekuna, tekuna, bays, straits, da waɗansu kõguna, tabkuna da tafkunan). Yawancin lokaci Rasha geographers, malamai sun gano 4 main sassa na tekuna. Mun lissafa su a cikin tsari na ragewa surface area (miliyan km ^2.): Haske (179), Atlantic (92), Indian (76), da Arctic (15).

Kamar yadda mutane da koya kasancewar dangantaka tsakanin tekuna?

An dade janyo hankalin mutum babbar teku. Sosai a farkon a kan m jirgin, rafts kuma Catamaran masunta shiga hatsari ruwa tafiya. Tarihi na Duniya Ocean ambaci tsoho bayyanai, da labaru, Legends game da shawo kan rafting, kwale da kuma sailing tasoshin sararin nisa. An yi imani da cewa da yawan jama'a na nahiyoyi da kuma tsibiran a zamanin da ne saboda da ikon mutane shawo kan tekuna da ruwaye.

A farko da aka sani tafiya a duniya sanya wani Spanish rundujar soja masu dawaki jagorancin Ferdinand Magellan a 1519-1522 shekaru. Motsi daga Yaren Kasar Larabawa zuwa yamma, da jirãge haye Atlantic, taso keya kudancin Amurka, ya shiga ba a sani ba ruwa. A yanayin da aka windless, don haka Magellan suna da tekun Pacific. A wani skirmish da mazauni ne a cikin Philippines, da yawa Spanish matuƙan tare da shugaban na balaguro mutu. Magellan ta abõkan ci gaba da tafiya zuwa yamma a search na kayan yaji, da zinariya da tamani a cikin Spanish kambi.

Daya daga cikin jiragen karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Juan Elcano haye tsakiyar ɓangare na tekun Indiya, taso keya Afirka a kudu da kuma mayar da su zuwa Turai. Tun da sphericity na Duniya an tabbatar da kasancewar wani ɓangare na duniya tekuna. Circumnavigation da sauran tafiya a cikin Age na Discovery alama farkon babban-sikelin binciken na ruwa yankunan da cinikayya, kimiyya da masana'antu da sana'ar kamun kifaye.

Tsaro - babban ɓangare na hydrosphere

A cikin nazarin da taken "tekuna" (Grade 7) shi wajibi ne don tuna baya koya abu Class 6 ( "hydrosphere"). Uniform mai ruwa-ruwa yanayi na Duniya kunshi sassa biyu na unequal size - MO ƙasar da kuma ruwa. Su juna wurare dabam dabam na al'amarin, kuma makamashi, sufuri da danshi, surface da karkashin kasa da lambatu. Abin da ake kira duniya ta teku, a kimiyyar zamani? Kalmar da aka yi amfani da dangane da manyan ruwa-ruwa sarari tare da XVII karni ta hanyar aikin Dutch-German masu bincike Bernhard Varenius.

Rasha masanin kimiyya Yuri M. Shokalsky a farkon na XX karni gabatar a cikin kimiyya amfani da Kalmar "World Ocean", gano 4 main sassa MO. Wannan babbar size Oceanic halitta gidaje rabu da nahiyoyi da kuma tarin tsiburai (tsibiran sarkar). Ƙananan rassan MO - bays, straits, teku (m).

A gargajiya rabo na ma'aikatar tsaron kan

Iyakoki ne sau da yawa matukar, kamar yadda akwai wani guda jiki na ruwa - tekuna. MO taswira ba wani tunani na iri-iri na rarraba Lines. Alal misali, Pacific da kuma Arctic rabu da peninsulas (Chukotskii da kuma Alaska), hade kunkuntar Bering mashigar. Iyakar tsakanin Atlantic da kuma tekun India kudu na Afirka ne da za'ayi ta 20 °. d.

A wani yawan kasashen yanke shawarar raba da girma daga cikin hydrosphere a kan 5 ko 7 raba yankuna. A cikin wadannan lokuta, ya kara da Kudancin Ocean da biyu sassa na Atlantic. Dangane da Kasar zama ga wata al'ada martani ga manhaja da tambaya "Me aka kira duniya ta teku?" Bambanta a yawan kason raka'a a cikin abun da ke ciki (tekuna na Duniya).

A kimiyya teku kuma sassansa

Nazarin kasa topography, zazzabi, ruwa, gwargwado, igiyoyin da sauran halaye na manyan jikin ruwa da hannu a oceanography (labarin kasa sashe). Sassa daban daban MO bambanta a ciki solute yawa, wanda ma'aunai suna da za'ayi tare da taimakon zamani na'urorin a dubbai na da maki.

Tabbatar da dalilin zurfin amfani echolocation yarda wajen ƙidaya yawan seawater a duniya da kuma narkar da a cikinta mahadi (chlorides, sulfates, iodides da ciwon m darajar). Tekuna ruwa da wani talakawan yawa na 1,024 g / cm ^3. Irin wannan ruwa ba ya daskare a 0 ° C, da kuma a ... -1 -3 ° C. A zurfi, da ƙananan yanayin zafi ne mai aiki na latitud.

A zurfin manyan tekuna

Yadda za a gano da matsakaicin kuma mafi žarancin nisa daga surface na kasa? Abin da zurfi, abin da ya bambanta teku? MO taswira ta ƙunshi bayani game da talakawan da matsakaicin zurfin. Maritime sarari ya nuna daban-daban inuwõyinta suna kusa, blue. Duhu launi a kan maps dace da mafi zurfi wurare.

Shudin launi da aka yi amfani da su nuna shallows na tsakiyar teku ridges. An dauke da mafi zurfi Pacific Ocean, a arewa maso yammacin part ne Mariana tare mahara fiye da 11 km zurfi. A yammacin bakin tekun na Chile wuce Peru mahara (game 7 km). A MO talakawan zurfin 3.7 km.

kasa kwane-kwane

A ci gaba da nahiyoyi karkashin ruwa - shi ke nahiyar shiryayye, shi wani lokacin ya kai wani zurfin 1 km. Tekuna kewayen kewaye yana daya mika mulki zone - nahiyar gangara. Da iyãkõkin nahiyar shiryayye kasaftawa daban-daban asalin filayen ya warai saukar da rabo daga Okhotsk, da Barents Sea da kuma Tekun Japan. Seafloor rufe tsakiyar ɓangare na kasa da kuma gabatar da wani daban-daban siffar da kuma girman da kwari, upland. Ramuka da wani tasiri a cikin yankunan Oceanic lithospheric faranti da babban yankin.

Daga cikin dutsen Tsarin seabed mamaye tsakiyar teku ridges shafts da wanda ake da alaka cikin guda m sarkar tsawon fiye da dubu 40. Km. Bugu da kari, a kan seafloor emit blocky da volcanic ridges, karkashin ruwa iri-iri da kuma guda saman. Sauran siffofin taimako kasa - plateaus da tuddai.

Movement of ruwa a ma'aikatar tsaro

Daban-daban na halitta mamaki dalilin da dalilin motsi na ruwa taro a duniya teku:

• ruwa, sama da kasa motsi da ke faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar iska.
• m iska ya kwarara take kaiwa ga samuwar na igiyoyin.
• da ebb da ya kwarara daga cikin tekuna Yanã shigar da janye ruwa da watã.
• a sakamakon da eruptions na karkashin ruwa volcanoes bayyana babbar tãguwar ruwa - a tsunami.

MO atalas maps of kwarara nuna ta kibiyoyi ja da blue color. Launi ake bayyana irin wannan fasalin yadda wani babban ko low zafin jiki a lokacin idan aka kwatanta da suke kewaye da teku yanayi. The most dumi ruwa na gudana daga qarqashinsu: Gulf Stream a arewa maso yammacin ɓangare na Atlantic, da Kuroshio, kusa da Japan tsibirin, Arewa Atlantic Yanzu. Cold ruwa gudana a cikin MO: yamma Wind gantali, Peru, Benguela.

Low ruwa MO

Iyakacin duniya da kuma subpolar bangare na tsaron - coldest. A manyan surface yankin na Arctic Ocean rufe wani lokacin farin ciki perennial kankara. A cikin Arctic da Antarctic kankara filayen akwai kuma boulders a cikin ruwa - icebergs. A coldest teku - Arctic, da yawa daga abin da duk shekara icebound. Kamar yadda ka yi tafiya daga Arctic Circle da temperate zone, da Arewa da kudancin yammacin sahara more ruwa mai tsanani da rana. A warmest ne dauke da tekun Pacific, da mafi m, a cikin zafi zone haske.

Zazzabi canje-canje na surface ruwa da sauri. Matsayin mai mulkin, babban kwarara daga hasken rana ba shiga cikin zurfin. Saboda haka, a lokacin rani a temperate da kuma wurare masu zafi latitudes, da farfajiya zafin jiki ne ya fi a hunturu. A mafi girma zurfin yanayi bambance-bambance kusan ba ya ji. Lokacin da motsi daga surface na 'yan ɗari mita kula da karfi karu a zazzabi. Fiye da mutum dubu. Meter canje-canje ne kasa pronounced da kasa da 3 da dubu. M, da yawan zafin jiki ne ko da yaushe a cikin kewayon + 2 ° ... 0 ° C.

Effect MO sauyin yanayi nahiyoyi

Tekuna da muhimmanci ga samuwar sauyin yanayi da kuma yanayin a ƙasar. The talakawan zafin jiki MO ruwa surface ne 17,4 ° C, alhãli kuwa a Duniya ta surface, adadi ne 14,4 ° C. Tekuna suna iya exert gagarumin tasiri a kan musayar zafi da kuma danshi tsakanin yanayi da kuma ƙasar. The ruwa heats da cools more sannu a hankali fiye da nahiyoyi da kuma tsibiran, saboda da high takamaiman zafi.

Igiyoyin motsi sanyi ruwa da talakawa a cikin warmer yankuna, da kuma mataimakin versa. Wadannan matakai da babban tasiri a kan matsa lamba rarraba da iska zazzabi. A cikin hunturu, MO ne wani nau'i ne na "kuka" don dumama kan duniya, kuma a lokacin rani - "firiji". Data kasance da matsaloli na teku - da narkewa na kankara, tanã fita ruwa matakan - barazana don canja sauyin yanayi da kuma ciyayi a kan nahiyoyi, bala'o'i.

gwargwado

Tẽku ruwa a daban-daban adadi ne yanzu a kusan dukan abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur. A talakawan abun ciki na daban-daban salts ne 3.5%. Yana yana amfani da wani musamman naúrar - ppm - nuna adadin a grams na solute a 1 lita na ruwa ruwa ^_(0/00). Average MO, gwargwado - 35 ^_0/00. A hulda tsakanin kasa location, da rarraba surface igiyoyin, danshin, gwargwado da sauran kaddarorin, wanda shi ne daban-daban tekuna. MO albarkatun ruwa nisa wuce waɗanda suke a ƙasar. Don cire amfani mahadi amfani da danshin, don samar da ruwan sha - musamman da tatacen a kan jirãge, kuma a ga ~ ar teku na kasashen da dama.

Muhimmanci yawa na salts tara teku ruwa, wadda ne tsakanin 45 ° C. w. da kuma 10 ° S. w. Da abun ciki na abubuwa a cikin tẽku ruwa dogara a kan dake kwarara daga ɓangaren duniya na kankara kauri da kuma ta narkewa. Mafi yawa daga cikin gishiri MO tsare a wurare masu zafi latitudes. Shi ne da arewa-yammacin tekun Indiya - Bahar Maliya da kuma Bab-el-Mandeb (41 da 42 ‰, bi da bi). Rum, gwargwado ne 39 ‰.

Albarkatun kasa Tsaro

Ma'ajiyar kayan abinci da sinadarai, man fetur, tushen samar da makamashi, sabo da ruwa, abinci, a gida domin da yawa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta - duk da tekuna. Labarin kasa na ma'adinai ba a karatu a babban zurfin, da kuma teku cin fara da yawa da suka gabata. Na musamman darajar da wadannan albarkatun kasa Tsaro:

• man fetur (mai, iskar gas, kwal).
• ƙarfe da ba na ƙarfe ba ma'adanai (gishiri, da baƙin ƙarfe, manganese, bromine, alli, da zinariya, Diamonds, amber, titanium, tin).
• makamashi (tides, tãguwar ruwa, maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi).
• kayan gini (yashi, tsakuwa).
• Ruwa kayayyaki ga desalination.
• kifi, marine dabbobi masu shayarwa, crustaceans, molluscs, Sponges.
• kayan lambu.
• na wasanni.

An dade da Duniya Ocean, da albarkatun da jihar bakin teku sashi da ake amfani da mažallin, teku kama kifi, cruise da rairayin bakin teku shakatawa, dawo da kiwon lafiya. Popular rairayin bakin teku suna located a kan dumi m gaba da Rum, da Bahar Maliya, da Black Sea, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific teku a cikin subtropical da kuma wurare masu zafi sauyin yanayi zones.

Muhalli matsaloli na tekuna suna sun fi mayar da alaka da ci gaban da na sarrafa karafa. Lokacin da wani mai zube da kuma airtight man fim da aka kafa a kan ruwa surface. Keta musayar oxygen da kuma carbon dioxide tsakanin yanayi da kuma cikin teku, inda suka kashe na cikin ruwa dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke.

"Fish latitud" teku

Tekuna da ruwaye masu tsanani kama kifi yankunan, hakar ma'adinai na da murjani, da lu'u-lu'u. A teku kama kifi lissafinsu kamar 10% na abinci raw kayan. Fishing teku na kifi - yana da sardines, anchovies, herring, tuna, kifi, hake, capelin, mackerel, rockcod, pollack, cod, halibut, sardines, zurfin.

A waɗannan latitudes, inda akwai yanayi na ci gaban plankton, akwai wani yawa na kifi. Domin haifuwa na kananan kwayoyin dakatar a cikin ruwa, shi ne cewa wajibi ne kasa na tashe don haka ya kira biogenic abubuwa (nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, alli, da sauransu). Irin wannan yanayi hali Ya halitta a cikin yankuna da dama na MO:

• kashe da Pacific Coast ta Kudu Amurka kudu na ekweita.
• kusa da Labrador Larabawa, a Gabashin Greenland a arewa.
• kusa da iyakar kasashen Turai da Arewacin Amirka a cikin tekun Atlantic, kusa da 40 °. w.;
• daga tekun na Morocco a Afrika ta Yamma zuwa matsananci batu a kudancin nahiyar ta zafi.
• kashe bakin tekun na Burma a tekun Indiya kusa Indonesia tsibiran.

Duniya ta teku, a matsayin mafi muhimmanci ɓangare na ci gaba da ruwan harsashi na Duniya, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duniya, kuma ta arziki suna amfani da mutum tun a tarihi mai nisa. A mutum halaye na MO ne daban-daban, amma shi ne cikakke na halitta hadaddun planetary sikelin, wanda dole ne a kiyaye su domin alheri na yanzu da kuma nan gaba zamaninsu.