Winter amfanin gona da shuka, kiyayewa nõmansa, dalilin mutuwar

Winter amfanin gona a m aikin nomar na namo iya ba amfanin ƙasa har zuwa 60-80 kg / ha. Don cimma wannan sakamakon, shi wajibi ne a gudanar da seedbed shiri ba tare da damuwa da fasaha don cika tare da dasa dabino, amfani da mafi kyau duka shuka Hanyar ga wani takamaiman kansu da kuma samar da kyau kula ga shuke-shuke a lokacin da girma da kuma maturation. Sa'an nan da mutuwa na hunturu amfanin gona da za a iya rage ga m sigogi.

A ra'ayi na hunturu da kuma bazara amfanin gona

Winter amfanin gona - shekara-shekara shuke-shuke, hatsi, yawanci hatsi iyalansu. Irin shuke-shuke ne a aiwatar da ta da harshen damo bukatar overwintering tsawon watanni da dama. Sow hunturu amfanin gona da bukatar fada, da kuma bayan hunturu girbi. Wadannan iri na shuke-shuke suna hunturu alkama, da sha'ir, da hatsin rai.

Bugu da kari, akwai hunturu amfanin gona da spring burodi. A bambanci ga hunturu amfanin gona da spring amfanin gona da bukatar shuka in spring, girbe a cikin shekara na shuka. Wannan shekara-shekara shuke-shuke bukatar hakan yanayin zafi da kuma dumi spring rana. Wadannan albarkatun gona hada da ra'ayoyi da spring alkama, da sha'ir, hatsin rai, hatsi, gero, da kuma wasu masu iri.

Abũbuwan amfãni hunturu amfanin gona

Bazara da kuma hunturu amfanin gona da ake amfani da ko'ina a da aikin noma, irin wadannan shuke-shuke suna amfani da su ciyar da dabbobi, gari milling da kuma kara adam amfani.

Duk da haka, hunturu siffofin shuke-shuke suna mai daraja fiye saboda da wani taro na nazarin halittu abũbuwan amfãni:

1. Winter al'adun iya tara mafi amfani taro tasowa a lokacin da wintering karfi tushen tsarin.
2. Bayan da gogaggen hunturu shuke-shuke da sauri zuwa girma. Suna kafe yawa a baya, kuma kamar yadda sakamakon farko ripening.
3. Weeds hunturu amfanin gona ba wata matsala ba: sun samu nasarar cimma da su a cikin girma da kuma ci gaba da kuma kawai nutsar da su tare da su nauyi.

Bugu da kari, cikin kaka dasa da kuma farkon girbi yarda zai sauke da tashin hankali na aikin.

Proper dasa lokaci qara hardiness na hunturu amfanin gona

Winter amfanin gona da wani babban sanyi juriya da kuma hunturu hardiness. Winter hardiness damar shuka karbuwa ga hunturu yanayi. Yawanci, wannan dukiya dogara a kan irin amfanin gona. Duk da haka, da yawa ya dogara a kan mutum factor: yana da muhimmanci sosai shirya da shuke-shuke domin hunturu da kuma amfani da high quality-m m. Hardiness cimma by hardening, wanda faruwa a matakai biyu. A mataki na farko Saide a dumi yanayin zafi fada a cikin 8-15 digiri. A karo na biyu mataki da karshen kaka lokacin da aka rauni sanyi zazzabi aka saukar zuwa 5 digiri.

A lokaci na farko shi ne alhakin da ya karu jari na carbohydrates a tsire-tsire. A karshen na farko da lokaci na daban-daban sugars dauke a cikin al'adu ne 2-3 sau fiye da a farkon lokaci. Carbohydrates shuka zai yi amfani da spring don taimaka da karfi girma da kuma ci gaba. Bugu da kari, sugar cika wani muhimmin m aiki.

A lokacin da biyu lokaci shuka kyallen takarda ne dehydrated, ya canjãwa a shuka Kwayoyin. An jurewa canje-canje da kuma kistochny ruwan 'ya'yan itace, wanda taimaka a cimma hardiness. A farko da sanyi don 5 digiri shuka Kwayoyin sun dauki sauki abu ƙaruwa osmosis ciki Kwayoyin. Al'adu daina riqe ruwa kuma qara saiwoyinsa tsotsa iko. By lokacin ƙarshe na biyu lokaci hardening a Kwayoyin hunturu amfanin gona da ciwon da zama dole yanayi na supercooling. Complex mahadi an cleaved zuwa mafi sauki abubuwa.

Shuka na hunturu amfanin gona ya dogara da yanayin halaye na musamman yankin. A arewacin yankunan na amfanin gona da ake samarwa a watan Agusta, a kudu - a watan Satumba ko Oktoba. Babban manufa - don ba da damar da tsire-tsire domin overwintering karfafa tushen tsarin da kuma sha hardening mataki a amince. Kada ka rush dasa: shuke-shuke da za su daina zama batun da dama cututtuka da kwayoyin cuta. Duk da haka, idan mubaya'a hunturu amfanin gona kafin frosts ba su da lokacin da za a ci gaba da wani karfi tushen tsarin da kuma shirya domin hunturu. An gano cewa ga al'ada ci gaba da kuma kafa na amfanin gona na bukatar kimanin 45-60 kwana tare da yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa 5 digiri Celsius.

alkama shuka ya kamata a yi da yawa a baya shuka na hatsin rai. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa bayan shuka hatsin rai har yanzu ci gaba da girma, yayin da alkama ya riga ya tsaya shi.

Hanyar for hunturu amfanin gona

Akwai hanyoyi da dama na shuka na hunturu amfanin gona. Amma, kana bukatar ka tsaya ga wannan mulki: shi wajibi ne don tabbatar da wani uniform rarraba tsaba a kan dukan filin yankin. Razbrosnoy shuka na hunturu amfanin gona halitta mafi sharadi gwargwado ga maturation na kowace shuka. Domin wannan hanya na seeding, musamman na'urar - a seeder. Duk da haka, wannan tsari slows saukar da samar da tsari na shuka, wanda results a kalla ta aikace-aikace a cikin taro plantings.

Private shuka na hunturu amfanin gona da za a iya raba da dama iri dangane da nisa tsakanin layuka:

• al'ada (nisa tsakanin layuka 15-18 cm).
• rufaffiyar drills (nisa tsakanin layuka na 7.5-9 cm).
• giciye (drills mika crosswise).
• shirokorjadnyj (nisa tsakanin layuka 45-90 cm).
• Belt (alternating fadi da kuma kunkuntar layuka).
• cike da gidajen gona (ko da guda tsari na tsaba).

Akwai kuma wani square-tari view shuka da tsaba wanda da a cikin sasanninta na wani square.

A yi amfani da yawanci al'ada m seeding, amma rufaffiyar drills amfanin gona yana dauke mafi dace domin wannan. Saboda gona compaction daga tuki tractors a filin fara gudanar da aiki da amfanin gona tare da saura nisa don tsari. A size irin wannan hanya ne daidai to 180 ko 140 cm. Wannan hanya ba ya cutar da amfanin gona da kuma ba cuta da ƙasa, wanda inganta girma yanayin hunturu amfanin gona.

Pre-shuka gona shiri bayan da tururi al'adu

Ƙasa shũka hunturu amfanin gona da samar da hanyar zjablevoj. Wannan irin shafi plowing a cikin kaka da kuma 1-2 peeling. Noma da filin ya kamata a yi don a m zurfin 20-22 cm. Spring aiki a karkashin hunturu amfanin gona dole ne a fara da rufe danshi. A wannan lokacin yana da kyawawa don game da 4-5 tare da tsoratar game cultivations ko a bushe lokaci ta birgima. A karshe namo dole ne ya faru a zurfin seeding.

Winter amfanin gona da bukatar musamman da ƙasa shiri: plowing amfani plows da harrows da skimmers da ringed rollers. Bayan gudanar da irin ayyukan da gona dole ne a kiyaye a cikin wani mai tsabta da kuma gãshin kafin dasa hunturu amfanin gona. Wannan irin seedbed shiri ne da za'ayi bayan da tururi precursors.

Seedbed shiri bayan nonfallow shũka

Noma ƙasa, bayan nonfallow shuka dole ne daidai da fasaha na namo na baya amfanin gona. Bayan spiked jinsunan na kowa yin amfani da poluparovoe namo na kasar gona, idan da yanayin ƙasa danshi. Aiki kamata hada game da 2-3 cultivations. A bushe kasa gudanar da wani na farko da yanke, sa'an nan sau da yawa tare da kunyoyin gona ta birgima, kuma tsoratar game. Bayan tarin Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana bukatar ka ciyar plowing garma da coulters, idan ƙasa danshi ne a wani isasshen matakin.

Idan filin har wannan ya yi girma Peas, flax ko wasu grouts amfanin gona, shi wajibi ne don yin noma, da kuma kafin seeding namo a cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda ya saba.

Hanyar m shũka

Akwai Hanyar m shũka hunturu amfanin gona. Lokacin da wannan share fage da aka sarrafa zuwa m yiwu zurfin yayin da yin sauran ayyukan. Wannan irin aiki damar rage lokaci da kuzari ga aiki, kazalika da rage yawan kafa ta cikin filin kayan aiki. Wannan ƙwarai inganta agrochemical da ruwa-jiki halaye na ƙasa.

Don aiwatar da irin wannan magani ta yin amfani da musamman inji hade tare da faifai ko ploskoreznoj sassa. Irin wannan na'urorin a guda izinin da za a iya sassauta kuma matakin sama, da kuma m gona.

Abin da za a iya sa da mutuwar hunturu amfanin gona?

A Sanadin mutuwa na hunturu amfanin gona iri-iri. A shuka rayuwa na iya shafar biyu na halitta da yanayi da kuma inji lalacewa. Yanayi lalacewa ta hanyar m canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, high ruwan sama, da karfi da kuma dogon frosts, stagnation danshi da ruwa a kan ƙasa surface. Bugu da kari, hunturu amfanin gona za a iya hõre fungal cututtuka.

Misãlin. Yadda za a hana?

Mafi na kowa hanyar mutuwa na hunturu amfanin gona - misãlin. Saboda shafe tsawon low zafin jiki kankara siffofin a shuka Kwayoyin. A sakamakon haka, tantanin halitta cytoplasm ya zauna ba tare da ruwa, kamar yadda gina jiki ya lalace. Da samuwar kankara a cikin sel na da yankunan da sakamako a kan rayuwar aiki na shuke-shuke. Musamman m spring frosts, kamar yadda hunturu shuka iri ba zai iya jure yanayin zafi kamar yadda low kamar yadda 8-10 digiri a wannan lokaci.

Don hana asarar hunturu amfanin gona saboda su misãlin fita, dole ne ka shuka kawai sanyi-resistant iri saba da wani musamman amfanin gona yankin, ko zuwa kasa tare da kariyan iska.

Damping-kashe. Yadda za a hana?

Wani kowa hanyar mutuwa na hunturu shuke-shuke - damping-kashe. Wannan zai faru idan ƙasa surface snow ba ya narke na dogon lokaci, kazalika da m daskarewa da ƙasa. The part-daskarewa na kasar gona ko da samuwar kankara ɓawon burodi a farfajiya na hunturu shuke-shuke zo rayuwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar haske, amma hasken rana ba zai iya shiga cikin garin kankara ɓawon burodi. Lokacin da damping-kashe na hunturu shuke-shuke mutu daga rashin haske a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Bugu da kari, attenuated gina jiki rashi, snow mold da lafiya shuke-shuke.

The shuke-shuke da aka ba ta shafa damping-kashe, ya kamata a compacted ƙasa rollers, idan fadi farkon snow. Wajibi ne a kauce wa nitrogen taki da kuma farkon shuka. A taron na nauyi ruwan sama wajibi ne a gaggauta aiwatar da narkewa, loosening cikin dusar ƙanƙara.

Waterlogging. The hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya

Waterlogging matsayin wani dalilin da mutuwa na shuke-shuke, yakan auku a cikin filayen kwari a kan lãka kasa ko a wuraren da ruwa sau da yawa accumulates. Tsire-tsire mutu saboda numfashi gazawar matakai: wuce kima bayar wa carbohydrates domin ya raya rai. A makonni 2 a cikin wadannan yanayi da tsire-tsire gaba daya ya mutu. Domin kauce wa cutarwa sakamakon wuce haddi ruwa, to gudanar da amfanin gona iri resistant zuwa ambaliya da yiwuwar yin kau na tara danshi.

Sau da yawa, shuke-shuke suna mutuwa saboda samuwar kankara crusts. A mafiya hatsari ga rayuwar shuke-shuke m ɓawon burodi. An kafa a lokacin narke, a lokacin da suka narke ruwa freezes a low yanayin zafi. Ice iya samar da duka biyu a cikin ƙasa surface da kuma zurfin ciki ta. Tsire-tsire suna makale a cikin kankara. Don samar da wani kankara ɓawon burodi ba ya canzawa da shuke-shuke, shi wajibi ne don a hallaka shi, a bangare ko gaba daya.

Don ajiye dehydrated shuke-shuke da kuma kauce wa wasu manyan matsaloli ga ci gaban da amfanin gona bukatar lokaci zuwa noma ƙasa, da kuma amfani da wani spring compacting.

Mutuwa daga hunturu cututtuka da kuma kwari

Don hana halakar hunturu amfanin gona daga cututtuka da kuma kwari, irin ayyukan da ake bukata domin gudanar da wani a saboda lokaci:

• kauce wa waterlogging kuma damping-kashe matakai.
• etch da tsaba a gaban dasa.
• gudanar da m magani daga shũka da magungunan kashe qwari da m taro.
• Custom sikanin amfanin gona don sarrafa amfanin gona da kiwon lafiya;
• a gaban amfanin gona lalacewa ta hanyar kwari ko cututtuka kimanta hadarin yaduwar lalacewa da kuma asarar amfanin gona ba;
• dangane da mataki na hadarin aiwatar da amfanin gona da ake bukata maida hankali da magungunan kashe qwari.

sakamakon

Bazara da kuma hunturu amfanin gona da ya kamata a girma ta amfani da m fasahar. M, kimiyance tushen tsarin kula da namo na hatsi da zai ba da damar high da ake samu tare da iyakar riba.