A tarihin Rasha na 14th karni

14th karni - lokacin gagarumin canje-canje a cikin rayuwar Rasha mulkoki. A wannan tarihi lokacin karshe saita ikon Golden taro a kan arewa-maso-gabashin yankuna na Rasha asashe. A hankali tsakanin kananan fiefdoms inflames gwagwarmayar keda daukaka da kuma samar da kusa da fiefdom sabon Karkasa jihar. Kawai kokari na Rasha ƙasa zai iya jefa kashe da karkiya daga cikin makiyaya da kuma dauki ta wuri daga Turai iko. Daga cikin tsofaffin biranen, ya hallaka ta Tatar hare-hare, babu ikon, babu siyasa Elite, kuma tasiri, saboda haka cewa ba Kiev kuma Vladimir kuma Suzdal iya yi da'awar ya zama nan gaba zamanin mulkin na cibiyar. Rus a cikin 14th karni gabatar da sabon favorites a tseren. Yana Novgorod Jamhuriyar, Grand Duchy na Lithuania da kuma Muscovy.

Novgorod ƙasar. taƙaitaccen bayanin

A cikin tsohon kwana, da Mongolian sojan doki ya ba kai Novgorod. A birnin wadãta kuma gudanar da tasiri saboda ta tsakiyar wuri tsakanin Baltic jihohi, gabashin Rasha asashe da kuma Grand Duchy na Lithuania. Sanyi karye zamanai 13-14 (Little Ice Age) rage muhimmanci da ake samu a ƙasashen Novgorod, Novgorod amma na tsira, kuma ya kasance ko da aukaka ta kara da bukatar da hatsin rai da kuma alkama a cikin Baltic kasuwanni.

Siyasa na'urar Novgorod

Sigar siyasar Shiyyar birnin kusa da Slavic hadisai majalisar. Wannan nau'i na harkokin gudanarwa ya wanzu a wasu Rasha ƙasashe, amma bayan da bauta kana da Rasha da sauri ya zo da kõme ba. Hukumance, hukumomi a cikin sarauta Vershilo bẽne - misali nau'i na zamanin d hukumomi. Amma a gaskiya da tarihi na Rasha na 14th karni a Novgorod tafiyad hannun m 'yan ƙasa. Resale hatsi da kuma aiki ciniki a duk inda halitta a Novgorod m sashen dutsen arziki mutane - da "bel na zinariya", wanda a zahiri kasance kunã aikatãwa siyasa a cikin sarauta.

Up har karshe Accession zuwa Moscow sarauta na Novgorod ƙasar da aka fi m dukan abin da unites Rasha a cikin 14th karni.

Me Novgorod ya zama cibiyar

Novgorod yanki da aka ba densely lugar, ko da a cikin heyday na sarauta na Novgorod ta yawan bai wuce dubu 30 mutane -. Wannan adadin zai iya ba cinye makwabta asashe, ko rike su a cikin ikon. Ko da yake tarihin 14th karni Novgorod kira daya daga cikin mafi girma Kirista cibiyoyin, da Church a cikin sarauta na girma da iko da. Wani tsanani matsalar shi ne low takin gargajiya na Novgorod da kuma mai karfi da dogara a kan mafi kudancin yankunan. Novgorod hankali zama ƙara dogara a kan Moscow, da kuma ƙarshe ya zama daya daga cikin biranen Moscow sarauta.

Na biyu nema. Grand Duchy na Lithuania

A tarihin Rasha na 14th karni ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da wani bayanin irin tasiri cewa ya yi a kan yammacin ƙasashen Duchy na Lithuania (ON). Kafa a kan kango na babban kadarori na Kiev, shi ya tattara a karkashin tutoci na Lithuania, da Balts kuma Slavs. A kan backdrop na akai harin taro Yammacin rusichi gani a Lithuania da na halitta m da da warriors na Golden taro.

Ikon da addini a ON

The m ikon a jihar mallakar prince - shi ma aka yi kira Gospodar. Ya yi biyayya da karami vassals - pany. Ba da da ewa ON bayyana a wani zaman kanta majalisu jiki - da majalisar dokokin kasar, wanda shi ne wani majalisa na m iyayengiji kuma karfafa matsayin su a cikin yankunan da yawa na gida da manufofin. A babban matsalar shi ne rashin wata hujja tsani na maye - mutuwar baya Prince tsokani infighting tsakanin m mãsu mayẽwa, kuma sau da yawa ƙara a kan karaga, ba dokar da kanta, da kuma mafi unscrupulous na su.

Addini a Lithuania

Amma ga addini, 14th karni bai sanya wani takamaiman vector Duchy na Lithuania addini ra'ayoyi da kuma nuna juyayi. Lithuania sun dade da aka samu nasarar maneuvered tsakanin Katolika da kuma Orthodoxy, a cikin zuciyarsa ya zauna Majusawa. Prince za a iya yi masa baftisma a cikin Katolika bangaskiya, da kuma bishop a lokaci guda da'awar Orthodoxy. The m talakawa na peasantry kuma townspeople mafi yawa da bin Orthodox ya fara, 14th karni shibtarsu zabi na addini kamar yadda jerin yiwu masõya da abokan adawar. Domin Katolika ya da wani iko Turai, Orthodoxy zauna don a gabacin ƙasa, wanda aka kai a kai biya wasu addinai.

Me ya sa ba Lithuania

West Rasha a 14-15 ƙarni, da basira maneuvered tsakanin Golden taro da kuma Turai invaders. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya dace domin manyan jam'iyyun duk manufofin da waɗanda shekara. Amma bayan mutuwar Algirdas iko a cikin sarauta wuce a hannun Jagiello. A karkashin sharuddan da Krevsk Union, ya yi aure da gado na Commonwealth da kuma zama a zahiri shine sarkin duka biyu da sararin ƙasar. Katolika a hankali shiga cikin duk duniyoyin na kasa rai. A karfi da tasiri na maƙiya addini sanya shi ba zai yiwu ba ga ƙungiyar na arewa maso gabashin kasar ƙasashe kewaye da Lithuania, Vilnius haka bai zama Moscow.

Muscovy

Daya daga cikin masu yawa kananan birãnensu a kusa da su 'yan qasar folded Dolgoruky Vladimir sarauta, a wani kyakkyawan zarafi a tsaka-tsaki na cinikayya hanyoyi. Little Moscow ya shirya yan kasuwa daga gabas da yamma, yana da damar yin amfani da Volga da kuma arewacin gaba. 14th karni kawo Moscow mai yawa fadace-fadace da kuma lalata, amma bayan kowace mamayewa na gari da za a sāke gina. Moscow hankali samu da kansa m - yarima - da kuma nasarar bi a siyasa na ƙarfafa mutane da suke for daban-daban concessions da tabbaci shirya a cikin sabon zangon. Constant fadada yankin taimaka wajen karfafa ikon da matsayi na sarauta. A jihar da dama na cikakkar daular mulkinsu, da kuma cika tare da oda na maye. Ikon da babban dan ba takaran, kuma akwai mai girma da kuma mafi kyau ƙasashe na sarauta a sa masa. Moscow ta yiwuwa muhimmanci ƙãra bayan da sarauta nasara a kan Mamai a 1380 - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci nasarori da cewa an sami by Rasha a cikin 14th karni. Tarihi ya taimaka Moscow da tashi da kuma a kan ta har abada kishiya - Tiberias. Bayan wani Mongol mamayewa na gari ba iya warke daga fatarar da kuma zama talakansa na Moscow.

tabbatarwa daga statehood

A tarihin Rasha na 14th karni hankali yana sanya Moscow a kai na guda jihar. Har yanzu karfi zalunci na taro, duk da haka da karfi da'awar a kan arewa-maso-gabashin ƙasashe na arewacin da kuma yammacin makwabta. Amma harbe har na farko da dutse Orthodox majami'u a Moscow, shi ya karu da rawar da coci, wanda ya karfi da sha'awar a cikin halittar guda jihar. Bugu da kari, 14th karni wani milestone for biyu manya manyan nasarori. The Battle of Kulikov filin nuna cewa Golden taro, za ka iya fitar da na Rasha ƙasar. The dogon yaki tare da Grand Duchy na Lithuania ƙare tare da shan kashi na da Lithuania da kuma Vilnius har abada watsi da yunkurin kafa mulkin mallaka da yankin arewa maso yammacin. Saboda haka Moscow ya sanya na farko matakai wajen kafa ta statehood.