Novgorod sarauta. Halaye na Novgorod sarauta

By tsakiyar 12th karni a Kievan Rus aka kafa 15 ƙanana da manyan mulkoki. By farkon 13th karni, su yawan karu zuwa 50. A auka na jihar ya ba kawai korau (attenuation kafin mamayewa na mangolawa), amma kuma tabbatacce.

Rasha a cikin tsawon mulkin gargajiya fragmentation

A wasu mulkoki da kadarori ya fara da m girma na birane fara samar da ci gaba cinikayya tare da Baltic jihohi da kuma Jamus. M kasance canje-canje a cikin gida da al'adu: tarihin da aka halitta, don gina sabon wurare da kuma more.

Major Kasashen

A jihar akwai da dama manyan mulkoki. Wadannan, musamman, za a iya gani a matsayin Chernihiv, Kyiv, Seversk. Duk da haka, mafi girma da aka gani yankunan uku: Galicia-Volhynia a kudu maso yammacin, Novgorod da Vladimir-Suzdal a arewa-maso-gabas. Waɗannan su ne manyan jam'iyyun siyasa da cibiyoyin da ke jihar a wancan lokaci. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa dukkan su yi nasu rarrabe fasali. Next, bari mu magana game da abin da suka fasali na Novgorod sarauta.

Overview

Shi ne har yanzu ba gaba ɗaya bayyana asalin, daga wanda ya fara da ci gaban da Novgorod sarauta. A farkon ambaci babban birni na yankin ya kasance a cikin 859-th shekara. Duk da haka, shi ne a zaci cewa yayin da chroniclers bai yi amfani da yanayin records (su bayyana ga 10-11 karni), da kuma tattara wadanda Legends cewa sun kasance mafi shahara tsakanin mutane. Bayan Rasha dauki kan Byzantine al'adar Tattara bayanan labaru, da mawallafa da yin sama da labaru, da kansa kimantawa da kwanan kafin fara weather records. Hakika, wannan ne m Dating nisa, don haka ba su yarda da shi gaba daya haka.

Sarauta "Novgorod Land"

Menene yankin a zamanin da? Novgorod nufin "sabon birni." A birni a zamanin d Rus da ake kira masu garu shiri kewaye da garun. Archaeologists samu uku ƙauyuka aka located a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke tsunduma a cikin Novgorod sarauta. A ɓangaren da na kayyade a cikin yankunan daya daga tarihin. Bisa ga bayanai yanki a kan hagu banki na Volkhov (akwai yanzu da Kremlin).

Tare da nassi daga lokaci ƙauyuka garwaya a cikin daya. Mazauna gina sauran ƙarfi. Ta aka kira Novgorod. Bincike Bow aka ɓullo riga data kasance view cewa tarihi ya riga na sabon birni ne tsohon birnin. Yana da aka located a bit mafi girma a kusa da tushen da Volkhov. Bisa ga tarihi, da tsoho shiri ya kagara shiri. Yana zauna shugabannin Novgorod sarauta da su gwamnonin. Local masana tarihi ko da bayyana quite wani m zato cewa mazaunin ya rayu kuma ya Rurik. Ba duk da wannan, shi za a iya bayar da hujjar cewa mazauna wannan al'amari da kuma Novgorod sarauta. Kasa wuri Mounds za a iya gani a matsayin wani ƙarin shaida. Yana tsaye a kan Volga-Baltic hanyar da aka dauke a lokacin da wani fairly manyan cinikayya da kuma sana'a, soja da kuma administrative batu.

Halaye na Novgorod sarauta

A arni na farko ta zama ba, da mazauna ya kananan (ta wannan zamani nagartacce). Novgorod shi gaba daya katako. An located a kan bangarorin biyu na kogin, wanda ya quite na musamman da sabon abu, saboda yawanci ƙauyuka kasance a kan tudu da kuma a gefe daya. A farko mazaunan suna gina gidajensu a kusa da ruwa, amma ba ma kusa da shi, saboda wajen m ambaliyar ruwa. Streets aka gina perpendicular zuwa Volkhov. A kadan daga baya suka koma da wani "karya-fita" rariya cewa gudu a layi daya zuwa kogin. A kan hagu banki na falalen ganuwar da Kremlin. A wannan lokaci shi ne da yawa karami fiye da daya, wanda yake a cikin Novgorod yau. A kan wasu banki a Basulabe kauye dake gidan gona da kuma prince ta kotu.

Rasha tarihin

Novgorod sarauta da aka ambata a cikin records ne isasshe kananan. Duk da haka, wadannan 'yan bayanai da suke na musamman darajar. A tarihin kwanan rana 882, na shekara, yi magana game da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Prince Oleg zuwa Kiev daga Novgorod. A sakamakon haka, muna hade da biyu manyan Eastern Slavic kabilan: Fields da kuma Ilmen Slavs. Shi ne daga lokacin da ta fara da labarin da Old Rasha jihar. Record 912, da shekara nuna cewa Novgorod sarauta biya Scandinavians a cikin shekara zuwa 300 hryvnia a tabbatar da zaman lafiya.

Records daga sauran al'umman

Novgorod sarauta da aka ambata a Byzantine tarihin. Alal misali, Sarkin sarakuna Constantine VII rubuta game da Rousseau a cikin 10th karni. A cikin Scandinavian sagas kuma featured Novgorod sarauta. A farkon Legends bayyana tun zamanin mulkin 'ya'yan Sviatoslav. Bayan mutuwarsa, tsakanin 'ya'yansa biyu Oleg da Yaropolk a gwagwarmayar iko. A cikin 977 th shekara na yaki ya faru. A sakamakon haka, shi Jaropolk ci sojojin Oleg kuma ya zama Grand Duke, dasa a Novgorod su posadniks. Akwai kuma wata uku ɗan'uwansa. Amma tsoron ake kashe, Vladimir gudu zuwa Scandinavia. Duk da haka, da yake babu aka gwada da takaice-rayu. A 980, da shekara ya koma zuwa Novgorod sarauta tare da hayar Vikings. Sa'an nan ya ci posadniks da kuma mayar da su Kiev. Akwai Jaropolk Vladimir hambararren daga kursiyin, kuma ya kasance da Prince of Kiev.

addini

Novgorod sarauta fasalin zai zama bai cika ba idan ba mu yi magana game da muhimmancin bangaskiya a rayuwar mutane. The 989 da aka yi musu baftisma. Da farko, shi ne a Kiev, sa'an nan a cikin Novgorod. Power ya karu a kudi na addinin Kirista da kuma ta tauhidi. The coci kungiyar da aka gina a wani matsayi iri. Shi ya zama mai iko kayan aiki da samuwar Rasha statehood. A cikin shekarar da baftisma a Novgorod aka aika zuwa Joachim Korsunianin (Byzantine firist). Amma, dole ne in ce Kristanci ba kawai makale. Mutane da yawa mazauna sun kasance a wani sauri rabu da bangaskiya na kakanninsu. A cewar archaeological tono, da yawa arna rituals tsira har zuwa 11-13 ƙarni. Kuma, misali, Mardi Gras ne bikin a yau. Ko da yake wannan biki a wani da ɗan Kirista zanen.

aiki Yaroslava

Bayan Vladimir zama Prince of Kiev, ya aka aika zuwa Novgorod Vysheslav ɗa, da kuma bayan mutuwarsa - Yaroslav. The sunan karshen ne related ƙoƙari rabu da rinjayar Kiev. Tun 1014, da shekara Yaroslav ki biya haraji. Vladimir gano game da shi, ya fara tattara cikin tawagar, amma a cikin shakka daga shirye-shiryen da ba zato ba tsammani ya mutu. Ya hau zuwa kursiyin Svyatopolk tsine wa. Ya kashe 'yan'uwansa Svyatoslav Drevlyansky da baya ranked a matsayin saint da Boris Gleb. Yaroslav ya a quite a wuya matsayi. A daya hannun, ya kasance kaucewa a kan kãmun ikon a Kiev. Amma a daya hannun - tawagar ya ba da isasshen ƙarfi. Sa'an nan, ya yanke shawarar ya tũba zuwa wani jawabin Novgorod. Jaroslav bukaci mutane su kama Kiev, dawo haka kansu da baya duk da cewa an kawar da a cikin hanyar haraji. Mazauna amince, da kuma bayan wani lokaci a Battle of Liubech Svyatopolk aka kai kadawa, ya gudu zuwa Poland.

Bugu da ari, aukuwa

A 1018, da shekara, tare da wata tawagar da Boleslaw (matarsa ta uba da kuma Sarkin Poland) Svyatopolk koma zuwa Rasha. A yakin da suka ci Yaroslav sosai (da ya gudu tare da hudu warriors daga filin). Ya so ya je Novgorod, sa'an nan suka shirya su matsa zuwa Scandinavia. Amma da Mutane ba su bari ya yi shi. Su sare duk Rooks, tattara kudi, da kuma wani sabon sojojin, da barin Prince don ci gaba da yaki. A wannan lokaci, m cewa zaune da tabbaci isasshen a kan gadon sarautar Svyatopolk ya yi faɗa da Sarkin Poland. Hana goyon baya, ya rasa wurin yaƙi a Alta. Jaroslav bayan yakin Novgorod saki gida, ya ba su na musamman da takardun shaida - "Gaskiya" da kuma "Articles na Association". A cewar shi, suka yi ya zauna. A lokacin da wadannan shekarun da suka gabata, da Novgorod sarauta ma dogara Kiev. Farko a matsayin gwamnan Yaroslav aiko ɗansa, Ilya. Sa'an nan ya aika Vladimir, wanda a 1044, da shekara aza sansanin soja. A shekara, a kan umurninsa aka fara gina wani sabon dutse coci maimakon katako Sophia (wanda ya kone). Tun wannan lokacin, da Haikalin alama ce da ruhi da na Novgorod.

tsarin siyasa

Ya ɓullo da hankali. Biyu lokaci tsaya fitar a tarihi. A farko akwai mai mulkin gargajiya jamhuriyar, wanda aka mulki da sarkin. Kuma a karo na biyu - iko mallakar oligarchy. A lokacin farko lokacin a cikin Novgorod sarauta wanzu dukan manyan gabobi da jihar iko. Babbar Cibiyar gan Boyarsky Council da kuma majalisar. A zartarwa ikon da aka bada tysyatsky da kuma ya'yan sarakuna ba kotuna, burgomaster, magajin gari, volosteli da kuma kula da volostelyami. Veche da musamman ma'anar. Yana da aka dauke da m dalĩli a nan da kuma jin dadin mafi girma ikon fiye da sauran mulkoki. Veche warware batutuwan cikin gida da kuma waje yanayi, kõre ko zaɓi wani m, na kewayen birni da kuma sauran jami'ai. Yana kuma shi ne mafi girman kotu. Wani jiki ne da majalisar da boyars. Wannan sashin jiki da aka mayar da hankali a duk birnin kula da tsarin. A abun da ke ciki na Majalisar ya samu halartar fitattun manya, dattawa, tysyatskiye, posadniki, Akbishop kuma Prince. Na mulki ta ikon da aka matsin iyakantaccen a fasali da kuma girma, amma yana da shakka wani shugaba a cikin management jikinsu. Da farko takarar na gaba yarima da aka tattauna a majalisar boyars. Bayan haka, ya aka kira su zuwa da sanya hannu kan kwangila ƙulla. Yana kayyade da shari'a da kuma jihar matsayi da kuma nauyi na hukuma dangane da m. The prince rayu tare da kotun kan karkata daga Novgorod. A m yana da hakkin ya yi dokokin, daura yaki ko zaman lafiya. Tare da Posadnik Prince umarci sojojin. A samuwa saka ba da damar shugabanni don ƙarfafa birnin da kuma sa su a cikin sarrafawa matsayi.