A Gulag tsarin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Tarihi na Gulag ne a hankali lauye da dukan Soviet zamanin, amma musamman tare da Stalinist lokaci. Sansanonin cibiyar sadarwa lullube a fadin kasar. Sun ziyarci wani iri-iri na kungiyoyin da ake zargi da sanannen 58 th labarin. A Gulag ya ba kawai wani tsarin na azãba, amma kuma samuwar na Soviet tattalin arzikin. A fursunoni da za'ayi mafi m ayyukan na farko biyar.

Asalin da Gulag

A nan gaba tsarin da Gulag fara fito fili nan da nan bayan da Bolsheviks zo da wuta. A lokacin yakin basasa da Soviet gwamnatin farko don ware ta aji da kuma akida maƙiya a musamman taro sansani. Sa'an nan wannan lokaci ba abar tsõro, kamar yadda gaske girma kima da ya samu a lokacin da kisan-kiyashi na uku Reich.

A farko sansanonin da aka gudanar da Lva Trotskogo da Vladimir Lenin. Mass tsõro a kan "counter-revolution" hada da wholesale kama na arziki bourgeoisie, ma'aikata masu, gidan haya, 'yan kasuwa, shugabannin coci, da sauransu. D. Ba da da ewa sansanin aka bai wa Cheka, Felix Dzerzhinsky wani shugaban. Sun shirya aikin gandu. Ya zama dole kuma tada rafke tattalin arzikin.

Idan a 1919 a kan ƙasa na RSFSR ne kawai 21 sansanin da karshen yakin basasa, akwai riga 122. A Moscow kadai, akwai bakwai makarantun, wanda aka tattara fursunonin daga fadin kasar. A shekara ta 1919, babban birnin kasar ne fiye da dubu uku mutane. Yana da aka ba tukuna da gulag tsarin, amma kawai wani samfur. Ko sa'an nan, akwai wani hadisin bisa ga abin da, duk kokarin da OGPU ƙarƙashin kawai intradepartmental ayyukan yi, maimakon janar Soviet dokokin.

A farko aiki sansanin a cikin Gulag tsarin ya wanzu a gaggawa yanayin. A yakin basasa, manufofin da yaki kwaminisanci ya kai ga aika mugunta da kuma take hakkin da hakkin fursunoni.

Solovki

A shekara ta 1919, da Cheka halitta da dama aiki sansani a arewacin Rasha, ko kuma wajen, a cikin Arkhangelsk yankin. Ba da da ewa, wannan cibiyar sadarwa da aka kira wani giwa. Yana tsaye ga "Northern Special Nufa Camp". A Gulag tsarin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta bayyana a cikin mafi m yankuna na manyan kasashe.

A shekarar 1923, da Cheka aka canza kama zuwa da GPU. A sabon dillancin bambanta kansa da dama manufofi. Daya daga cikinsu shi wani tsari don kafa wani sabon m sansanin a kan Solovetsky tarin tsiburai, wanda ya da nisa daga mafi arewacin sansanin. Kafin wannan, a cikin tsibiran a cikin White Sea ya d ¯ Orthodox sufi. Yana da aka rufe a yaki da Katolika da kuma "firistoci".

Kamar wancan ne aka haife daya daga cikin key haruffa na Gulag. A da Solovki kurkuku sansanin. Ya aikin da aka samarwa da Iosifom Unshlihtom - daya daga cikin sa'an nan shugabannin Cheka-GPU. Ya ƙaddara shi ne misali. Wannan mutumin da gudummawar da ci gaban a haramta shi tsarin, da azabtar da wanda ya ƙarshe ya zama. A shekara ta 1938 ya aka harbe a kan shahara site "Kommunarka". Wannan wuri ya rani mazaunin Henry Berry - Commissar na NKVD a cikin 30s. Ya ma aka harbe.

Solovky zama daya daga cikin manyan sansanonin a Gulag 20s. Kamar yadda ya umurci da OGPU a cikinsa sũ, sun kasance a adana har m da fursunonin siyasa. A 'yan shekaru bayan bayyanar Solovki girma, suka raba a kasar, ciki har da Jamhuriyar Karelia. Gulag tsarin ne kullum fadada tare da sabon fursunoni.

A 1927, 12 mutane dubu dauke a cikin Solovki sansanin. A tsaurara sauyin yanayi da kuma wuce yanayi kai ga yau da kullum da rasa rayukansu. Domin duk lokacin da na zama sansanin shi aka binne shi fiye da 7000 mutane. Duk da haka, game da rabi daga cikinsu ya mutu a shekara ta 1933, lokacin da dukan ƙasar da aka bugãwa yunwa.

Solovki aka sani a ko'ina cikin kasar. Domin bayani game da matsalolin cikin sansanin kokarin ba su tsaya. A shekara ta 1929, da tarin tsiburai zo zuwa Maxim Gorky, a lokacin shugaban Soviet Writers. Ya so ya duba yanayin a cikin zangon. da marubuci ta suna ya impeccable: ya littattafai da aka buga a babbar circulations, ya aka sani a matsayin mai neman sauyi na tsohon makaranta. Saboda haka, da yawa daga cikin fursunonin ya liƙe a kan shi fatan cewa zai isar da jama'a duka abin da yake faruwa a cikin ganuwar da wani tsohon sufi.

Kafin Gorky yana kan tsibirin, a sansanin da aka a total tsabta da kuma aka powered by mai kyau view. Azabtar da fursunonin da ta tsaya. A wannan yanayin, da fursunoni da aka yi barazanar cewa idan suka yi magana da Gorky game da rayukansu, sun fuskanci tsanani. Marubuci, ziyarci Solovki, yi farin ciki tare da yadda da sake ilmantar da fursunoni, sanar da yin aiki da kuma komawa zuwa jama'a. Duk da haka, daya daga cikin wadannan tarurruka, a detkolonii, Gorky kusata da yaro. Ya gaya Celebrity baƙi game da zaluntar tsare: .. Azabtarwa a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, ƙarin aiki bayan lokaci, yana tsaye a cikin sanyi, da dai sauransu Gorky suka fito daga cikin barikin hawaye. Lokacin da ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa cikin babban yankin, da yaron da aka harba. Gulag tsarin mai tsanani azabtar da wani disgruntled fursunonin.

Stalin ta Gulag

A 1930, da tsarin karshe an kafa Gulag karkashin Stalin. Yana da aka subordinated ga NKVD kuma ya kasance daya daga biyar manyan sassan a cikin jama'ar kasar Commissariat. Har ila yau, a 1934, da Gulag ketare duk gidajen yarin da ya rigaya mallakar jama'ar kasar Commissariat shari'a. Aiki sansani aka legally amince a cikin daidaituwa Labor Code na RSFSR. Yanzu yawa fursunoni da gane mai hatsari da kuma m tattalin arziki da kuma kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan: yi, digging tashoshi, da dai sauransu ...

Hukumomi suna yin duk abin da ya Gulag tsarin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da jũna a zama free 'yan asalin mulki. Don yin wannan, gudu yau da kullum da akida yakin. A shekarar 1931, aikin gina fara daga cikin shahararrun White Sea Canal. Yana daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci ayyukan da Stalin ta farko shekaru biyar shirin. Gulag tsarin - shi ne ma daya daga cikin tattalin arziki sunadaran na Soviet jihar.

Don da mazauni iya koyi a daki-daki, game da gina fadar White Sea Canal cikin tabbatattun sharuɗɗa, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ya ba da aiki shirya wani sanannun marubuta yabi littafin. Saboda haka akwai wani aiki na "Canal Stalin." Sama yana da wata tawagar daga marubutan: Tolstoy, Gorky, Pogodin da Shklovsky. Musamman ban sha'awa shi ne gaskiya cewa littafin ya yi magana gaskiya ma game da 'yan fashi da barayi, wanda aikin da aka ma amfani. A Gulag gudanar da wani muhimmin wuri a cikin tsarin na Soviet tattalin arzikin. Cheap bauta yarda hanzari don aiwatar da aiki na shekaru biyar da tsare-tsaren.

Siyasa da laifi

Gulag sansanin tsarin da aka kasu kashi biyu. Shi ne mai duniya na siyasa da kuma laifi. A karshen su aka gane ta jihar "harkar kusa". Wannan lokaci ya rare a Soviet farfaganda. Wasu laifi sun yi kokarin yin hadin gwiwa tare da sansanin gwamnati, domin sauƙaƙe su zama. A daidai wannan daga gare su da ikon nema biyayya da kuma kula da manufofin.

Da yawa "makiyan mutanen", kuma kaso, bisa zargin leken asirin da kuma anti-Soviet farfaganda da babu damar da za su kare hakkinsu. Mafi sau da yawa, sun koma ga yunwa buga. Tare da su taimako da fursunonin siyasa kokarin jawo hankalin hankalin gwamnatin zuwa cikin matsananci rai yanayi, zagi da kuma zalunci tsare.

Single yajin cin abinci zo don kome gubar. Wani lokaci NKVD iya kawai ƙara wahalar da nuna. Don yin wannan, a gaban yunwa da aka sanya faranti da dadi abinci da kuma wanda bai isa abinci.

Fada zanga-zanga

A sansanin gwamnati na iya jawo hankali ga yajin cin abinci kawai idan ya kasance taro. Duk wani concerted mataki na fursunoni ne suka kai ga cewa wasu daga cikinsu suna neman da instigators, wanda sa'an nan Ya aikata da keta.

Alal misali, a Uhtpechlage a 1937 wani rukuni kaso na Trotskyism a kan wani yajin cin abinci. Kowane shirya zanga-zangar da aka gani a matsayin counter-gwagwarmaya da kuma barazana ga jihar. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin sansanonin akwai wani yanayi na denunciation da shakka juna fursunonin. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, da shirya na yunwa, a akasin haka, a sarari ya ayyana da kansa himma, saboda sauki yanke ƙauna cikin abin da suka sami kansu. A Uhtpechlage majagaba kama. Suka ƙi yin bayar da shaida. Sa'an nan uku na NKVD yanke gwagwarmaya zuwa mutuwa.

Idan wani nau'i na harkokin siyasa a cikin Gulag wani rarity, da tarzoma sun sananne. Duk da haka, su majagaba sun yawanci laifi. Dan kaso karkashin Mataki na ashirin 58 sau da yawa zama wadanda ke fama da laifi wanda za'ayi da umarni na magabatansu. Wakilai daga cikin underworld samu kashe daga aiki ko sun gudanar da wani m ofishin a cikin ma'aikatan na zangon.

Kwararrun aiki a sansanin

Wannan aiki da aka hade da gaskiya cewa Gulag tsarin shan wahala daga rashin sana'a ma'aikata. NKVD wani lokacin ba su da ilimi. A sansanin hukumomin sau da yawa ba shi da zabi, amma ya sa a kan tattalin arziki, administrative da fasaha matsayi daure kansu.

Bugu da ƙari, cikin fursunonin siyasa shi ya kasance mai yawa mutane na daban-daban fasahohin. Musamman a bukatar kasance "fasaha kawo dukkan" - .. Engineers, da dai sauransu A farkon 30s shi da mutanen da suka yi karatu a fadar Rasha, kuma sun kasance masana da kuma kwararru. A nasara lokuta, irin fursunoni iya ko buge har da wata dangantaka ta dogara da gwamnati na zangon. Wasu daga cikin su tare da samun damar zuwa zai kasance a cikin tsarin da ya rigaya a administrative matakin.

Duk da haka, a cikin tsakiyar 30s da shi shi ne tightening na gwamnatin, wanda aka kuma nuna a cikin sosai zekah. Very daban-daban shi ne matsayin da na kwararru da suke a intracamp duniya. Walwala da mutane gaba daya dogara a kan yanayi da har na cin hanci da rashawa da wani shugaba. A Soviet tsarin halitta gulag tsarin da kuma ko gaba daya demoralize abokan adawar - real ko hasashen. Saboda haka, babu liberalism dangane da fursunoni ba zai iya zama.

sharashka

Better sa'a ga waɗanda masana da kuma malamai suka fada a cikin abin da ake kira sharashka. A da kimiyya cibiyoyin na rufaffiyar type, inda suka yi aiki a kan wani m aikin. Yawancin shahararrun masana kimiyya fada a cikin sansanin ya free-tunani. Alal misali, wannan shi Sergei Korolev - mutumin da ya zama wata alama ce Soviet nazarin sararin samaniya. A sharashka samu designers, injiniyoyi, mutane hade da soja masana'antu.

Wadannan cibiyoyin da aka nuna a cikin al'adunsu. Marubuci Alexander Solzhenitsyn, wanda yake a sharashka, shekaru masu yawa daga baya ya rubuta labari "The First Circle," wanda aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki cikin rãyuwar fursunoni. Wannan marubuci yana mafi kyau a san shi da sauran littafin - "The Gulag tarin tsiburai."

Gulag matsayin wani ɓangare na Soviet tattalin arzikin

By farkon yakin duniya na II kurkuku sansanin hadaddun da shi ya zama wani muhimmin kashi a da yawa bangaren masana'antu. A Gulag tsarin, a takaice, akwai duk inda bawa aiki na fursunonin da za a iya amfani da su. Musamman an da'awa a karafa, man fetur da kuma itace masana'antu. An muhimmanci yanki shi ne babban birnin kasar yi. Kusan dukan manyan gine-gine na Stalin zamanin da aka gina zekami. Sun kasance mobile da cheap aiki da karfi.

Bayan da yaki, rawar da sansanin tattalin arzikin da ya zama ma fi muhimmanci. Bigiren aikin gandu ya kumbura saboda da atomic aikin, da kuma wasu soja ayyuka. A shekara ta 1949, game da 10% na samarwa a kasar da aka halitta a sansanonin.

unprofitability sansanonin

Ko kafin yaki, domin kada su rushe da tattalin arziki yadda ya dace da wuraren gudun hijira, Stalin soke alƙawari a sansani. A daya daga cikin tattaunawa game da makomar manoma suka samu kansu a sansanonin bayan da dispossession, ya ce cewa wajibi ne a fito da wani sabon tsarin na ihisani ga yawan aiki a wurin aiki, da sauransu. D. Sau da yawa alƙawari jiran mutumin da ya, ko bambanta da mai kyau hali, ko zama wani Stakhanovite.

Bayan Stalin ta jawabinsa tsarin biya diyya aiki kwanaki an soke ta. A cewar ta, waɗancan 'yan yanke kalma, da barin samar. A NKVD ba ya so ya yi haka kamar yadda wani dauke sharadi credits rabu da fursunonin dalili aiki aniya. Wannan, bi da bi, ya jagoranci wani fall a cikin riba daga wani sansanin. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwaje da aka soke.

Yana kasance hasãra-yin Enterprises a Gulag (tsakanin wasu dalilai) tilasta Soviet shugabanci to sake tsara dukan tsarin, wanda ya rigaya ya wanzu a waje da shari'a tsarin, a cikin m ilimi na NKVD.

Low yadda ya dace da kurkuku aiki an hade tare da cewa da yawa daga cikinsu yana da kiwon lafiya da matsaloli. Yana da aka ciyar da wani mummunan rage cin abinci, matalauta rai yanayi, zalunci gwamnati da kuma wasu wahalhalu. A 1934, 16% na fursunonin da aka kashe da kuma 10% - marasa lafiya.

Da kawar da Gulag

Ƙin na Gulag ya sauka a hankali. A impetus ga farkon wannan tsari da aka mutuwar Stalin a 1953. Da kawar da Gulag tsarin da aka kaddamar kawai 'yan watanni bayan da cewa.

Da farko da Tarayyar Soviet Koli Soviet bayar da umarni a kan taro afuwa. Saboda haka, fiye da rabi daga cikin fursunonin da aka saki. Matsayin mai mulkin, sun kasance mutãne, wanda wa'adinsa na kasa da shekaru biyar.

A daidai wannan lokaci da mafi yawan fursunonin siyasa wanzuwa sanduna. Stalin ta mutuwa da canji na iko a da yawa fursunoni shuka amincewa da cewa da sannu wani abu zai canza. Bugu da kari, da fursunoni fara fili tsayayya da zalunci da kuma zagi daga sansanin hukumomi. Saboda haka, akwai lokatan da dama tarzoma (Vorkuta, Norilsk da Kengir).

Wani muhimmin taron domin Gulag shi ne XX Congress na CPSU. Yana da aka sanya Nikita Hruschev, wanda ya kwanan nan lashe vnutriapparatnoy gwagwarmayar iko. Daga cikin rostrum ya sunyi tir Stalin ta daba na hali da yawa kisan-kiyashi da ya zamanin.

A lokaci guda a cikin sansanonin sun musamman kwamitocin da cewa yin bita fursunonin siyasa. A shekarar 1956 adadin su ya kasa sau uku. Da kawar da Gulag tsarin ya zo daidai da canja wurin da sabon sassan - ma'aikatar harkokin da Tarayyar Soviet. A shekarar 1960, da ajiye aka kora karshe GUITK Head (Main Administration na daidaituwa aiki sansani) Mikhail Holodkov.