Rasha: tarihi, key kwanakin da events

Domin da dama ƙarni, Rasha ta samu rubucen da kuma hambarar da, amma a karshen zama wani mulki tare da babban birnin kasar a Moscow.

taƙaitaccen periodization

A tarihin Rasha ya fara a cikin shekara 862, a lokacin da Novgorod isa Viking Rurik, ya yi kira a cikin wannan birni yarima. Lokacin da zai gaje siyasa cibiyar koma Kiev. Tare da farko na fragmentation a Rasha, dama birane sun fara jayayya da juna domin su ikon zama wata babbar a Gabas Slavic asashe.

Wannan mulkin gargajiya lokacin da aka katse da mamayewa na Mongol hordes da kuma shigar da karkiya. A musamman wuya yanayi na m yaƙe-yaƙe da halaka yafi Rasha birni ya Moscow, wanda a karshe ya kawo tare Rasha da kuma sanya ta mai zaman kanta. A XV - XVI ƙarni, shi ne sunan da wani abu da suka gabata. Ya aka maye gurbinsu da kalmar "Rasha", rene ta Byzantine style.

Akwai da dama wuraren view a kan wannan tambaya idan wani abu da suka gabata mulkin gargajiya Rasha a zamani historiography. Mafi sau da yawa, da masu bincike yi imani da cewa wannan ya faru a 1547, lokacin da Prince Ivan dauki da lakabi na sarki.

Ana zargin Rasha

Ancient united Rasha, tarihin wanda ya fara a cikin IX ƙarni, ya zo bayan, a lokacin da 882 shekara Novgorod prince Oleg nasara Kiev da kuma sanya wannan gari ya babban birnin kasar. A wannan zamanin, na Gabas Slavic kabilu suka rabu da dama kiwo kwadago (share Dregovichi, Krivichi da t. D.). Wasu daga cikin su ne a rashin daidaito da juna. The mazaunan matakan ma biya haraji ga Khazars maƙiya kasashen waje.

Saboda haka, na farko Kievan sarakuna sun kasance haka m cewa kokarin hada da dukan jama'ar kabilunsu karkashin mulkin. Samar da wani Karkasa jihar aka tare da yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice. Alal misali, Prince Igor Ryurikovich (912-945) an kashe Drevlyane, daga wanda ya bukaci da yawa haraji.

Kirista Rum wani contender, wanda ya yi yaƙi da arna Rus. A tarihin wannan rikici lokacin da ya fara Oleg, wanda shi ne na farko shugabanni na Kiev ya tafi a kan jirage zuwa kudu don samun wani haraji daga Helenawa. Wadannan tafiye-tafiye ci gaba har sai da XI karni. Wasu daga cikin su sun yi nasara, yayin da wasu, ya ci tura.

A tallafi na Kiristanci

A mafi muhimmanci taron cewa ya zazzaga Kievan Rus, tallafi na Kristanci ne. Wannan ya faru a 988, a zamanin mulkin Vladimira Svyatoslavicha. Wannan sarkin so ta yi watsi da arna bangaskiya, da kuma samun sabon majiɓinta. Ya zabi ya fadi a kan Kirista Byzantine Empire, wanda tun sa'an nan Rasha sun ci gaba sosai kusa da juna. A zabi na orthodoxy tasiri a kan tarihin kasar har zuwa na zamani kwanaki. A 1054 duniya Kirista coci samu mai girma sãɓãni kawai sabõda, bayan da sarki na Konstantinoful da kuma Paparoma ya ci amanar juna zamani haramun. Rasha jihar zauna Orthodox, da kuma bayan faduwar Rum a cikin XV karni, shi ne kuma a tsakiyar duniya Orthodoxy.

fara fragmentation

Karkashin Vladimir (978-1015) kamar yadda na farko feuds fara. Kievan Rus 'shiga wani lokaci na siyasa fragmentation. Wannan tsari ne na al'ada, domin duk Turai na da jihohi.

Bisa ga ƙa'ida, shi ya faru saboda da oda na maye a cikin abin da mutuwa sarkin ya raba ikonsa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza, kowanne daga abin da a zahiri shine ya zama wani m m. A fragmentation ya zurfi tattalin arziki da dalilai. Rich birane samun kudi daga cinikayyar da kuma gida albarkatun, ba zai zama ƙarƙashin Kiev.

An yi imani da cewa tsoho Rasha samu heyday a lokacin da Yaroslav dan Vladimir (1015-1054). Ya karshe gudanar ya kayar da 'yan'uwansa, da zama cikin tafin kafa mulkin kasar. Duk da haka, tare da 'ya'yansa maza, da jikoki jihar aka ƙara disintegrating. Shugabannin Rasha ba ya so ya yi biyayya da monarch na Kiev. Akwai sabon siyasa cibiyoyin: Chernigov, Rostov, Polotsk, Galich, Smolensk, da dai sauransu har yanzu zama rarrabe Veliky Novgorod, wanda shagaltar da wani musamman rawar Veche - Mutane na Majalisar, wanda sau da yawa suka saɓa wa sarkin ikon ...

XII karni

A XII karni zo matuƙar fragmentation na Rasha. A 1136 Republican tsarin da aka shigar a Novgorod. Daga wannan aya a kan masu mulki samu ikon a kan wani zaɓe na-akai, ba gaji, kamar yadda a wasu asashe. A irin wannan manufa ya yi a Pskov. Wani muhimmin yankin da aka arewa maso gabashin kasar Rasha. A tarihin ta ci gaba da ake dangantawa da sunan Yuriya Dolgorukogo (wanda ya rasu a 1157). A lokacin da aka kafa ta Moscow, kuma mafi muhimmanci birane a kasar ta kasance cikin girma da kuma Suzdal.

Ɗansa, Andrew Bogolyubskii tãyar da sabon cibiyar - Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Har ila yau, tare da shi a cikin 1168 shugabannin kawancen daga fadin kasar ta kãma Kiev, bayan da ya karshe rasa ta siyasa muhimmanci. A fragmentation na Rasha da aka ma tare da na yau da kullum da yaƙe-yaƙe da makiyaya da suke zaune a kudancin matakan. Farko shi ne Pechenegs a XII karni da wuri da aka dauka da Polovtsy. Turkic kabilan sãɓã wa jũna kungiyoyin masu fafutuka. Steppe sau da yawa sata Rasha. A tarihin wannan rikici ne mafi sani ga Maris Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor a 1185. The labari na wannan m soja yakin neman kafa tushen da mafi tsoho abin tunawa daga Rasha-magana adabi "Lay."

A Mongol mamayewa

Tsohon hanyoyi na rushe a lokacin da wuri zo Polovtsian Mongol hordes. Mahaifarsa ya Pribaikalskaya steppe. A almara Genghis Khan nasara mafi Asiya, ciki har da kasar Sin. Ya jikan Batu Khan ya dauki lura da yaƙin neman zaɓe a Turai. A kan hanyar su ne shugabanni na Rasha.

Saboda da fragmentation da kuma rashin daidaituwa Slavic shugabanni ba su iya ta da wani sojojin da zai iya expostulate mangolawa. A cikin 1237-1240 shekaru. Taro hasãra kusan dukkan manyan Rasha alƙaryu ba, fãce Novgorod, wanda ya yi nisa arewa. Tun daga nan, da Slavic sarakuna zama tributary da mangolawa. A cikin matakan da Volga Zolotaya Orda shi an halitta. Its khans ba kawai tattara haraji, amma kuma ba da gajerun hanyoyin yin sarauta, da musun hankalinsa shugabanni, ba su son.

A lokaci guda a cikin Baltic Amurka sun Katolika soja zuhudu umarni. Paparoma shirya Jihadi da Majusawa, kuma kãfirai. Saboda haka akwai da Livonian Order. Wani barazana ya yammacin Sweden. A wannan kuma sauran Rasha jihar an dauke Litattafansu. Tsõkana tsayayya da Prince of Novgorod, Alexander. A 1240 ya lashe Battle na Neva, kuma bayan shekaru biyu - da Ice.

hada Rasha

A arewa da kuma Great Rasha ya zama cibiyar gwagwarmaya da mangolawa. Wannan adawa jagoranci kananan sarakuna na Moscow. A farko, sun kasance iya samun dama da tattara haraji daga duk Rasha asashe. Saboda haka, kashi na kudi ƙare har a Moscow taskar. Lokacin da tara isa ƙarfi Dmitry Donskoy ya a wani bude adawa da khans na Golden taro. A 1380, shi ne shugaban sojojin ya ci Mamai.

Amma duk da wannan nasara, wani karni Muscovite shugabanni lokaci zuwa lokaci biya haraji. Kawai bayan tsaye a kan Ugra a 1480 karkiya karshe an kika aika. A daidai wannan lokaci, a karkashin Ivan III na, kusan dukan Rasha ƙasashe aka sõyayya a Moscow, ciki har da Novgorod. A 1547 ya jikan, Ivan Grozny dauki da lakabi na sarki, wanda ãƙibar labarin sarkin Rasha da kuma farkon sabon sarki Rasha.