Soviet roka "Energy" superheavy aji

"Energy" - Soviet super-m jefa abin hawa. Ta kasance daya daga cikin uku mafi iko taba gina makami mai linzami daga cikin wannan aji - "Saturn V», kazalika da rashin lafiya-fated roka H-1, ta na da da za a maye gurbinsu. Wani makami mai linzami da aka babban manufar cire sararin samaniya na Soviet sarari jigila, wanda ya sa shi baya daga Amurka, ya dauki kashe tare da nasu injuna powered by wani babban waje man fetur tanki. Duk da yake a 1987-1988, da "Energy" sau biyu tafiya ba, a sarari, sa'an nan yana farawa ne ba za'ayi, duk da cewa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet shi ne ya zama na farko wajen isar da kaya zuwa sararin samaniya na XXI karni.

Lunar qafafunku

Bayan Valentin Glushko jagoranci TSKBEM (da OKB-1), ya maye gurbin wulãkantu Vasily Mishin, sai ya ciyar 20 watanni aiki a kan halittar wani Lunar tushe, dangane da gyara na "proton" roka zane Vladimir Chelomeya wanda amfani hypergolic injuna Glushko.

By farkon shekarar 1976, duk da haka, Soviet jagoranci yanke shawarar dakatar da Lunar shirin da kuma mayar da hankali a kan Soviet sarari jigila tun da Amurka jigila da aka a matsayin wani soja barazana daga Amurka. Ko da yake yana yiwuwa "Buran" ne sosai kama da mai yin gasa, Glushko sanya daya gagarumin canji wanda ya yarda da shi don kula da ta Lunar shirin.

Soviet jigila

A American jigila "Space Jigila" biyu m roka boosters biyu minti don tarwatsa jirgin zuwa wani tsawo na 46 km. Bayan su rabuwa jirgin ruwa amfani da injuna located in aft part. A wasu kalmomin, da sarari jigila, a kalla a cikin part, na da roka gabatarwa, da kuma babban waje man fetur tank, to abin da aka a haɗe, aka ba wani makami mai linzami. Ya kawai aka yi nufi ga safarar man fetur ga babban injuna na sarari jigila.

Glushko yanke shawarar gina wata "Buran" a general ba tare da wani engine. Shi ne mai glider, tsara don komawa zuwa Duniya, wadda aka nuna a kan injuna kewayewa da cewa kama wani man fetur tank na American sarari jigila. A gaskiya ma shi ya roka "Energy". A wasu kalmomin, shugaban zanen na Tarayyar Soviet sa da tsarin a cikin sarari jigila kara amfani azuzuwan "Saturn V» module, wanda zai iya yiwuwar bauta a matsayin dalilin da ya fi so Lunar tushe.

tsara ta uku

Mene ne wani m roka "Energy"? Its ci gaba lokacin da ya fara Glushko jagoranci CDBMB (a gaskiya da sunan "Energy" da aka yi amfani da sunan sabuwar sake tsarafa NGO sashen dogon kafin linzami) da kuma kawo tare da shi wani sabon zane na roka jirgin sama (RLA). A farkon 1970 ta Tarayyar Soviet da a kalla uku roka - gyaggyarawa da H-1 ga P-7, "cyclone" da "proton." Dukan su suna da fasali daban-daban daga juna, don haka su tabbatarwa ta halin kaka kasance gwada high. Yana da ake bukata don haifar da wani haske, matsakaici, nauyi da kuma super-m jefa motocin, kunsha na daya da na kowa sa na gyara domin tsara ta uku, na Soviet kumbon sama jannati, da kuma RLA Glushko dace domin wannan rawa.

RLA Series kayen "Zenith" OKB Yangelya, amma wannan hukumar nauyi jefa motocin da aka rasa, sa shi yiwuwa a gabatar da cikin "Energy". Glushko ya ɗauki zane RLA-135, wanda kunshi wani babban babban kara amfani module da m accelerators, da kuma sake miƙa shi tare da ire "Zenith" version kamar yadda accelerators da manyan sabon makami mai linzami, sifa a ofishin. A tsari da aka yarda - saboda "Energia" roka da aka haife.

Korolev da yake daidai

Amma Glushko ya dauki wani buga wa son kai. Domin shekaru masu yawa, cikin Soviet sarari shirin da aka hampered ga dalilin cewa bai yarda da Sergei Korolev, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa wani babban roka ruwa oxygen da kuma hydrogen ne mafi kyau habaka. Saboda haka, a cikin H-1 Motors da aka gina da yawa kasa gogaggen zanen Nikolai Kuznetsov da VPGlushko mayar da hankali a kan nitric acid da kuma dimethylhydrazine.

Ko da yake wannan man fetur da kuma mallaka abũbuwan amfãni kamar yawa da suitability domin ajiya, amma yana da ƙasa da makamashi m, kuma mafi mai guba, wanda shi ne babban matsalar a yanayin saukan wani hatsari. Bugu da kari, cikin Soviet jagorancin sha'awar cim tare da Amurka - da Tarayyar Soviet da babban injuna a kan ruwa oxygen da kuma hydrogen, yayin da a karo na biyu da kuma na uku matakai na "Saturn V» aka yi amfani a matsayin babban engine "Space jigila. " Sunny aikin, jera saboda wannan siyasa matsa lamba, amma Glushko shi ya ba da a cikin ta yi shawarwari tare da Sarauniya, wanda shekaru takwas kamar yadda babu sauran rai.

10 shekaru na ci gaba

Kan gaba shekaru goma (wannan shi ne tsawo, amma ba da yawa: wajen samar da "Saturn V» dauki shekaru bakwai) NPO "Energia" Ya ɓullo da wani m babban mataki. A kaikaice boosters kasance gwada m, karami, kuma yi amfani da injuna na ruwa oxygen da kuma man kananzir, halittar wanda Tarayyar Soviet da mai girma kwarewa, saboda haka cewa dukan roka da aka shirya domin da farko jirgin a watan Oktoba 1986.

Abin baƙin ciki, akwai wani dangi domin ta. Ko da yake ci gaba da "Energy" kuma akwai wasu matsaloli da matsayi na jigila "Buran" da yawa muni - shi ne, ba ma kusa da ƙarshe. Har a wannan lokaci da sunan "Energy" da aka yi amfani da m roka da kuma sarari jirgin sama. Ga kuma m zamba Glushko. Roka ba dole jira sauran rabin kasance a shirye. A bara na halitta, sai aka yanke shawarar yin gudu ba tare da "Buran".

"Polyus" makamai tseren

sabon dangi "Polyus" An halicci tsakanin kaka na shekarar 1985 da kaka 1986. Yana daya daga cikin aikin kaya block Vladimir Chelomeya redeveloped daga tashar sararin samaniya module da aka hankali hade da module na ISS "Zarya". "Polyus" da aka yi nufi ga mai fadi da kewayon gwaje-gwajen, amma babban aiki ya zuwa gwada 1-MW carbon dioxide Laser - makamai, ci gaba a cikin tarayyar Soviet tun shekarar 1983. A gaskiya, duk abin da ya ba kamar yadda ominous kamar yadda sauti, tun da Tarayyar Soviet soki Amurka domin Dabarun Tsaro Initiative, kuma Mikhail Gorbachev ba ya so ya hadarin abin da Amirkawa iya koya game da soja adawa. Taron koli a Reykjavik ƙare a watan Oktoba 1986, da kuma kasar zo kusa da m rage makaman nukiliya, kuma a watan Disamba 1987 sun kasance game da su gama yarjejeniya a kan rage matsakaici-range makamai masu linzami. Daban-daban Laser aka gyara da gangan ba amfani, da aka sani kawai iya waƙa hari, har ma da Gorbachev dakatar da kwarewa ta ziyartar Baikonur for 'yan kwanaki kafin a fara. Duk da haka, Gorbachev ya kai ziyarar kai ga zargin wani m sunan da makamai masu linzami (as adawa da nufin jigila): kalmomin "Energy" ya bayyana a jikin ta jim kadan kafin zuwa na babban sakataren.

software kuskure

A farko ƙaddamar da m roka "Energy" da aka gudanar May 15, 1987 A karo na farko 'yan seconds na jirgin, kafin jirgin bar jefa kushin, shi ne kula lankwasa, amma sai ya gyara matsayinsa bayan harba makami mai linzami irin hali kula da tsarin. Bayan da cewa, "Energy" tafo da kyau, tare da wani guda walƙiya, kuma da sauri bace a cikin low girgije. Boosters rabu daidai (ko da yake wannan kuma na gaba jirgin suka ba sanye take da wani laima, wanda zai ba da damar su sake yin amfani), sa'an nan babban mataki bar sashi na ganuwa. Bayan kona roka rabu da "iyakacin duniya" da kuma, kamar yadda suka shirya, shi ya fadi a cikin Pacific Ocean.

"Polyus" auna 80 ton, kuma ya kai sararin samaniya, dole ne ya kaddamar da kansa roka engine. Domin wannan shi ya zama dole in yi bi da bi na 180 digiri, amma saboda wani shirin kuskure bayan fara da a koyaushe za su ci gaba da gudu, kuma maimakon motsa zuwa wani sabon madawwama biyu, shi ya fadi a kasa. Cargo module da ya fado a cikin tekun Pacific.

Success?

Ko da yake da farkon-up da kasa, da makami mai linzami da kanta da aka a total nasara. Aiki a kan "Buran" ci gaba da kuma sun fi mayar da kammala da jigila (shirye su tashi, amma iya samar da isasshen ikon for kawai wata rana a cikin sarari guda) da aka haɗa na biyu roka da kaddamar da wani unmanned manufa Nuwamba 15, 1988. Kuma da roka "Energy" da aka sake a guje daidai (da wani canji a cikin software da zai hana m gangara a farkon), da kuma wannan lokaci da dangi ma ba kunya, "Buran" ta atomatik sauka a Baikonur, dauke da biyu jũya kusa da Earth sa'o'i uku da ashirin da biyar minti daga baya.

Saboda haka, farkon 1989 Tarayyar Soviet ya fi iko roka, har yanzu da yarda da juna,. Yana iya gudu jigila dangi kama kaya American orbiters, kuma a kansa zai iya kai wa a duniya low sarari suKe 88 ton na kaya, ko ya sadar da 32 ton a kan watã (idan aka kwatanta da 118 m da 45 m daga "Saturn V» da kuma 92, 7 m da kuma 23.5 m daga H-1). Yana da aka shirya ya kara ƙara wannan index har zuwa 100 ton, da kuma aikin da aka gudanar don tsayar da musamman kaya daki saba maimakon na "iyakacin duniya". A karami version na da makami mai linzami, da ake kira "Energy-M ', tare da daya engine da biyu boosters ne ma a cikin karshe mataki na ci gaba, kuma ya iya samu a dangi nauyi zuwa 34 ton.

tsada

Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ya zama wata babbar hanyar aikin gazawar. Kamar lokacin da ya fara samun a ƙafafunsa, amma da bukatar kare tsaron bukatun na superpowers ya bace a matsayin kudi da ake bukata domin manyan-sikelin kimiyya manufa. Wata matsala shi ne cewa "Zenith" boosters ake kerarre da kamfanonin dake a cikin zaman kanta Ukraine.

Duk da haka, ko da a gaban roka "Energy" ya zama mashahuri isasshen - idan babu bukatar su tashi zuwa Moon, da hawan zuwa kewayewa 100 ton na kaya ya ba dole ba. Mun shuttles ga abin da aka ɓullo da a cikin ta farko wuri ne guda disadvantages matsayin Amurka sarari jigila, amma roka ba su da abũbuwan amfãni da wani kenkenewa matsayi, kamar yadda aka yi a Amurka kafin fashewa da "Challenger" a shekara ta 1986.

kira na yanke ƙauna

Fidda zuciya kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu "Energy" za a iya gano wa samarwa manufa:

• Kewayewa sa m lasers a domin dawo da lemar sararin samaniya Layer ga dama da suka gabata.
• Gina a kan watã tushe don samar da helium-3 amfani a Fusion reactors, ci gaba da na duniya wato, wanda zai zama a shirye ta 2050.
• Launch na ciyar nukiliya man fetur a cikin "mounds" a kan wani heliocentric falaki.

A karshen shi ya sauko zuwa ga tambaya na abin da ya m makami mai linzami, wanda ba zai iya yin karami, mai rahusa kumbon sama jannati - kowane fara "Energy" kudin 240 miliyan $, ko da wani overvalued kudi na ruble da dollar a cikin marigayi '80s. Idan gabatar da aka sanya kawai a lokacin da ya cancanta, da abun ciki na shuka domin samar da makamai masu linzami da zai zama wani alatu cewa ba Tarayyar Soviet kuma Rasha ba zai iya ba.

Pyrrhic nasara

Idan muka yarda da ka'idar cewa Tarayyar Soviet m up da fari saboda kudi matsaloli, shi kuma iya zama m zuwa ce cewa "Energy-Buran" ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan Sanadin wannan auka. Wannan aikin da aka misali na uncontrolled bayar da yake hallakar da Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma yanayin ta ci gaba zama aka hanu daga aiwatar da irin ayyukan.

A daya hannun, zai iya yiwuwa da kyau a jãyayya da cewa mafi girma lalacewar sa superpower dauki Mikhail Gorbachev a kan kudi halin da ake ciki a kasar, da kuma Tarayyar Soviet zai rike a kan wa yau, ko da yake da Politburo bayan Konstantin Chernenko karkashin jagorancin wani.

zai yiwu ra'ayoyi

Barin ajiye da dama ideas aka ambata a sama, "Energy" za a iya amfani ƙaddamar a cikin sarari guda daya ko a 'yan manyan sarari tashar kayayyaki, wanda zai sa'an nan gama ginin kayayyaki fitarwa ta amfani da mai hade da "Energia-Buran": a cikin marigayi 1991, Station " Mir-2 "da aka gyara don amfani 30-ton kayayyaki.

Har ila yau, zai yiwu yi yana karami ƙugiya, wanda zai ba located laterally, yayin da a gaba, na daga cikin roka.

Glushko rate cewa Soviet sarari shirin, kamar yadda ya faru kafin, za ta ratsa wani lokaci na canji, daidai ne. Duk da yake tasowa da kumbon sama jannati da kuma jefa motocin ga takamaiman manufa more yadda ya kamata, tarihi ya nuna cewa bayan su halittar bayyana da kuma sababbin hanyoyin amfani da su. Glushko mutu Janairu 10, 1989, kasa da watanni biyu bayan da "makamashi" da na biyu da kuma na karshe jirgin.

"Zenith" girma

Don wannan rana, "Energy" yana da wani maye. "Zenith", amfani da ta totur - mafi arha boosters na duniya (2500-3600 $ da kilogram). A 2010,} ungiyar NGO "Energy" sayi wani rabo a cikin Kamfanin "Sea Launch" kuma shi ne yanzu alhakin gabatar da daga teku dandamali, kazalika da Baikonur Cosmodrome a Kazakhstan.

RD-170, tsara domin "Zenith" da "Energy" shi ma daya daga cikin mafi kyau roka injuna. Ya gyare-gyare iya fariya a Koriya ta Kudu "Naro-1", da Rasha m roka "Angara" da kuma American "Atlas na V", wanda aka ba kawai amfani da kimiyya dalilai, kamar haihuwa da Rover "Kyuriositi" da kuma kaddamar da bincike "New sãsanni" Pluto amma kuma da sojojin Amurka. Wannan ne bambanci tsakanin shekarar 1988 da kuma a yau.