A dauki na glucose fermentation. Iri, da darajar da fermentation samfurin

Fermentation na glucose - daya daga cikin manyan halayen da wanda shi ne zai yiwu shiri na giya. Yana za a iya yi a hanyoyi daban-daban, kowanne daga abin da mutum kayayyakin suna kafa. Wannan tsari taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a yankunan da yawa na rayuwar mu, tun da dafa abinci da kuma shirye-shiryen da ruwan inabi, da vodka da kuma kawo karshen ta a cikin halayen da jikin mu.

labarin

A tsari na fermentation na glucose da sauran sugars amfani da wani karin tsoho mutane. Suka ci kadan abinci podbrodivshuyu. Wannan abinci da aka mafi aminci saboda shi dauke da barasa, a cikin wanda ya kashe da yawa cutarwa kwayoyin. A zamanin d Misira da kuma Babila, mutane riga ya san yadda za a ferment yawa sugary yanã shã da madara. Lokacin da mutane a cikin marigayi 18th karni ya iya fahimtar wannan tsari, ta daban da kuma damar ci gaba, ƙwarai karu ingancin masana'antu kamar kvaso-, zamanin] aular da kuma ruwan inabi-vodka.

iri fermentation

Oddly isa, amma tsari ne daban-daban. Kuma dabam-dabam daban na glucose fermentation karshen kayayyakin. Saboda haka, akwai lactic acid, barasa, citric acid, acetone, butyric da kuma 'yan wasu. Bari mu magana kadan game da kowane irin dabam. Lactic ferment glucose - da muhimmanci tsari da shiri na kayayyakin kamar yogurt, kirim mai tsami, yogurt, gida cuku. Yana kuma amfani da adana kayan lambu da kuma aikin wani key aiki a jikin mu: a cikin yanayi na rashin oxygen, glucose da aka tuba zuwa karshe samfurin - lactic acid, wanda ya haddasa zafi a cikin tsokoki a lokacin motsa jiki da kuma kadan daga bisani.

Giya fermentation bambanta a cewa ethyl barasa kafa a matsayin karshe samfurin. Ya zo tare da taimakon micro-kwayoyin - yisti. Kuma taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a dafa abinci, domin ban da babban samfurin a lokacin giya fermentation na glucose saki carbon dioxide (wannan bayani ne game da fluffiness yisti kullu).

Citric acid fermentation faruwa, kamar yadda shi ne mai sauki tsammani, ta samar da citric acid. Yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu jinsunan fungi da kuma wani bangare ne na cikin Krebs sake zagayowar, cewa samar da numfasawa na sel a jikin mu.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation ne sosai kama da cewa na butyric acid. A sakamakon haka, shi kafa butyric acid, butyl da ethyl alcohols, acetone da carbon dioxide. Lokacin da butyric fermentation an kafa kawai suna m acid da carbon dioxide.

Yanzu za mu yi la'akari iri daban-daban na bayanai, da kuma fara da kayan yau da kullum - cikin giya fermentation na glucose. Yana da za a tattauna a daki-daki, duk halayen da kuma nuances na su aukuwa.

giya fermentation

Gaya kadan more game da glucose fermentation, wanda lissafi: C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ = 2C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2Kor _2. Me za ka koya daga wannan dauki? Muna da biyu kayayyakin: ethyl barasa da carbon dioxide. Saboda karshe da muka gani vzbuhanie yisti kullu. Amma saboda da farko da wata damar samun wani ba za'a iya mantawaba dandano na ruwan inabi, da ruwan inabi kayayyakin. Amma a gaskiya wannan shi ne kawai a Saukake lissafi. glucose fermentation ne cikakken da dauki mafi wuya, don haka bari mu bincika wannan kadan zurfi.

Akwai irin wannan tsari kamar yadda glycolysis. A zahiri, da sunan na nufin "tsagawa sugar". Yana auku a cikin jiki, da kuma ta gefe-samfurin ne pyruvic acid, da kuma babban - adenozinotrifosfornaya acid (ATP), wanda aka kafa a lokacin wannan dauki daga wani fili. Za mu iya cewa ATP ne m makamashi a cikin jiki, da kuma a gaskiya glycolysis ne don samar da jikin mu da makamashi.

Ba mu sane da abin ya shafa a cikin wannan tsari. A gaskiya, da fermentation ne sosai kama da glycolysis, a matsayin mataki na farko su da cikakken m. Za ka iya ma ce cewa giya fermentation na glucose dauki ne mai ci gaba glycolysis. Kafa a lokacin karshe pyruvate (ion pyruvic acid) yana tuba zuwa acetaldehyde (CH ₃ -C (Ya) H) tare da saki da-samfurin carbon dioxide. Sa'an nan, sakamakon samfurin an rage coenzyme NADH dauke a cikin kwayoyin. Farfadowa da na'ura na da sakamakon a cikin samuwar ethanol.

Saboda haka, da dauki na glucose fermentation zuwa ethanol kama da wannan:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ 2 = C ₃ H ₄ Ya ₃ + 4 H ⁺

2) C ₃ H ₄ Ya ₃ = CH ₃ -COH + CO ₂

3) CH ₃ -COH ⁺ NADH + H + = C ₂ H ₅ OH ⁺ nad +

NADH ne mai kara kuzari ga dauki, kuma ion nad ⁺ taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon matakai na glycolysis, da kuma kafa a karshen giya fermentation, aka koma zuwa ga tsari.

Bari mu matsa zuwa na gaba iri-iri na gwajin-type halayen.

Lactic fermentation na glucose

Daga irin wannan barasa ne daban-daban a cikin wannan akwai ba a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da yisti, da kuma da taimakon lactic acid kwayoyin cuta. Saboda haka, muna da wani mabanbanta kayayyakin. Lactic fermentation ma ya auku a cikin tsokoki a high lodi da rashin oxygen.

Akwai iri biyu na wannan tsari. Farko - homofermentative fermentation. Idan ka taba ji prefix "homo", ku yiwuwa san abin da ake nufi. Homofermentative fermentation - wani tsari shafe wata guda enzyme. A mataki na farko na glycolysis da kuma kafa piroviogradnaya acid. Sa'an nan, sakamakon pyruvate (a cikin bayani wannan acid na iya zama kawai a cikin nau'i na ions) ne hõre hydrogenation amfani NADH ⁺ H da lactate. Rage daga cikin samfurin ne lactic acid, wanda ya ƙunshi game da 90% na cikin sakamakon kayayyakin a lokacin da dauki. Wannan fili, duk da haka, kuma za a iya kafa kamar yadda biyu daban-daban isomers: D kuma L. Wadannan iri bambanta a cikin abin da suka kasance madubi images of juna da kuma, sabili da haka, suna da daban-daban effects a kan mu kwayoyin. Abin da isomer za a kafa zuwa mafi girma har, da kayyade tsarin lactate dehydrogenase.

Bari mu matsa zuwa na biyu da irin lactic acid fermentation - heterofermentative. Wannan tsari ya shafi dama enzymes, kuma shi ke kan mafi wuya hanya. Saboda wannan, a lokacin da dauki samar mafi daban-daban kayayyakin: kuma lactic acid, za mu iya samun akwai acetic acid da kuma ethyl barasa.

Ga muka duba lactic fermentation. Wannan ne tsari da wanda za mu iya ji dadin dandano na gida cuku, yogurt, m madara da kuma yogurt. Don takaita da rubuta dauki na lactic acid fermentation na glucose a general form: C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ Yã _3. Hakika, wannan shi ne wani Saukake zane na aiwatar homofermentative fermentation, kamar yadda har ma da heterofermentative aiwatar makirci zai zama da wuya sosai. Chemists har yanzu nazarin lactic fermentation na glucose da kuma tabbatar da cikakken ta sunadaran, don haka har yanzu muna je.

citrate fermentation

Halayen da irin wannan fermentation ya auku, kamar yadda a wani barasa, a karkashin mataki na wasu fungi iri. Complete inji wannan dauki ba cikakken gane, kuma za mu iya kawai dõgara a kan wasu simplifications. Duk da haka akwai zato cewa da farko na tsari ne glycolysis. Sa'an nan pyruvic acid ne tuba a nuna a cikin daban-daban acid da kuma citric ya kai. Saboda irin wannan inji sauran acid tara a dauki - kayayyakin na bai cika hadawan abu da iskar shaka na glucose.

Wannan tsari ya auku a ƙarƙashin rinjayar oxygen, da kuma kullum da shi za a iya rubuta da wadannan lissafi: 2C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ + 3O ₂ = 2C ₆ H ₈ Yã ₇ + 4H ₂ O. Kafin irin wannan fermentation bude, mutane cirewa citric acid kawai matsi da m 'ya'yan itace. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan lemun tsami acid ba wucewa 15%, duk da haka, wannan hanya tabbatar da impractical, da kuma bayan bude dauki fara samun duk acid fermentation Hanyar.

butyric acid fermentation

Bari mu matsa zuwa na gaba da irin. Wannan irin fermentation faruwa a karkashin mataki na butyric acid kwayoyin cuta. Su ne tartsatsi, da kuma aiwatar da su sa, taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ilimin muhimmanci hawan keke. Tare da wadannan kwayoyin cuta da kuma bazuwar daga matattu kwayoyin. Butyric acid, wanda aka kafa a lokacin da dauki, ta wari janyo hankalin scavengers.

Wannan irin fermentation amfani a cikin masana'antar. Kamar yadda za ka iya tsammani, su ne butyric acid. Its esters suna yadu amfani da perfumery kuma da m wari, da bambanci ga shi mafi. Duk da haka, ba ko da yaushe butyric acid fermentation ne m. Yana iya sa lalacewar kayan lambu, abincin gwangwani, madara da kuma sauran kayayyakin. Amma wannan zai iya faruwa ne kawai idan samfurin zo butyric acid kwayoyin cuta.

Bari mu bincika ginshikai na butyric acid fermentation na glucose. Halayen shi ya dubi kamar: C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ → CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH + 2Kor ₂ ↑ + 2h _2. A sakamakon haka, makamashi ne ma generated, wanda ya samar da da rai aiki na butyric acid kwayoyin cuta.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation

Wannan irin sosai kama da cewa na butyric acid. Yawo a wannan hanya iya ba kawai glucose amma kuma glycerol, kuma pyruvic acid. Wannan tsari za a iya raba matakai biyu: na farko (kuma wani lokacin shi ake kira acid) ne a gaskiya a butyric acid fermentation. Duk da haka, ban da man fetur, yana tsaye har yanzu da acetic acid. A wannan hanya da muke samun kayayyakin daga fermentation na glucose, wanda ya shiga cikin mataki na biyu (atsetonobutilovuyu). Domin dukan wannan tsari faruwa ma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar kwayoyin cuta, sa'an nan da acidification na matsakaici (karuwa a cikin taro na acid) ne wani kasafi na musamman enzymes kwayoyin. Sun sa hira dauki na glucose fermentation kayayyakin a n-butanol (butyl barasa) da kuma acetone. Bugu da kari, zai iya yiwuwa a kafa wasu ethanol.

Sauran iri fermentation

Bugu da kari a wadannan biyar jinsunan wannan tsari, akwai 'yan more. Alal misali, shi ne acetic fermentation. Haka kuma an faruwa a karkashin mataki na mutane da yawa kwayoyin. Wannan irin fermentation za a iya amfani da shi don amfani da manufar da lokacin da pickling. Yana kare abinci daga cutarwa jikin kwayoyin cutar da pathogens. More bambanta alkaline ko methane fermentation. Ba kamar da suka gabata iri, irin wannan fermentation za a iya za'ayi domin mafi yawan kwayoyin mahadi. A sakamakon haka, babban adadin hadaddun halayen, Organic abubuwa bazu cikin methane, hydrogen da carbon dioxide.

A nazarin halittu rawa

Fermentation - mafi tsoho hanya na samun makamashi da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Wasu kwayoyin abubuwa ana samar, lokaci guda samun makamashi, da kuma wasu hallaka wadannan abubuwa kuma samu makamashi. Bisa cewa, mu duka rayuwa. Kuma kowanne daga cikinmu fermentation a daya nau'i ko wata auku. Kamar yadda muka ce a sama, da lactic acid fermentation faruwa a cikin tsokoki a lokacin tsanani motsa jiki.

Abin da kuma ya duba?

Idan kana sha'awar a cikin Biochemistry wannan sosai ban sha'awa tsari, ya kamata mu fara daga makaranta litattafan a cikin sunadarai da kuma ilmin halitta. A da yawa kwalejin litattafan da aka bayyana a matsayin daki-daki abu da bayan karanta su za ka iya zama wani gwani a cikin wannan yanki.

ƙarshe

A nan mun zo karshen. Mun dismantled duk wani nau'i na glucose fermentation da janar ka'idojin wadannan matakai, wanda taka sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aiki na masu rai, kazalika da a cikin masana'antu. Yana yiwuwa a nan gaba za mu bude wani 'yan more jinsunan wannan tsohon tsari da kuma koyi yadda za a yi amfani da su domin amfanin kansu, kamar yadda suka yi da aka riga aka sani a gare mu.