Lamarck: biography da kuma nasarori. Ka'idar juyin halitta da kurakurai

Tare da Kalmar "juyin halitta" da mafi yawa ana hade da sunan Charles Darwin. Duk da haka, wannan tambaya da asalin da kuma ci gaban rayuwa a duniya ya dame gabascin a tsufa. Daya daga cikin na farko masana kimiyya suka yi kokarin kirkiro ka'idar juyin halitta, ya Lamarck. Biography masanin kimiyya ƙunshi mutane da yawa wasu ban sha'awa facts. Don ƙarin a kan wannan, za mu yi magana a cikin labarin.

Zhan Lamark: biography

A 1744-m a garin Bazante haife Zhan Lamark. Iyalinsa, ko da yake, da kuma zo daga mai daraja aristocratic iyali, matalauta. Domin rashin kudi iyaye aika dansa zuwa karatu a cikin Jesuit College. Da aka zaci cewa zai zama firist. Babu daya da ake zargi da abin da ya zama Lamarck.

Biography gaba masanin kimiyya juya a cikin wani daban-daban shugabanci bayan rasuwar tsohonsa. Ya fice daga kwaleji ya shiga rundunar soja. Riga at 23, ya zama wani jami'in. A 1772, bayan da barin sabis, Zhan Batist Lamark shiga cikin manyan mukaman likita makaranta. A Paris, ya gano o, kuma da lokacin da ilmin dabbobi.

Ta hanyar hakuri da iyawa, ya ya iya bayyana kansu a tsarar masana kimiyya. Fame kawo uku-girma tarin Faransa rarrabuwa na shuke-shuke. Bayan haka, ya na aiki a kan wata tarin shuke-shuke ga Royal Botanic gidãjen Aljanna. A 1783 ya zama memba na Paris Academy of Sciences.

Ci gaba a ilmin halitta da

Bayan da a saki na littafin "Faransa Flora" a 1778 da Zhan Batist ya zama daya daga cikin ababuwa masana kimiyya na botanists a lokacinsa. A littafin na dauke da musamman dichotomous definition for sauki search na shuke-shuke da cewa an yi amfani da lokacin mu.

Riga mai fairly balagagge shekaru profile canje-canje masanin kimiyya kimiyya Sphere. Ya zama farfesa a Museum of Natural History, inda ya fara koya ilmin dabbobi. A wannan lokaci, Lamarck biya musamman da hankali ga micro-kwayoyin, kwari da tsutsotsi.

Scrutinizing su yanayi, ya gabatar da Kalmar "kwaro" da kuma raba su a cikin goma azuzuwan, ko da yake ya warke biyu kawai. A 1822 ya buga na bakwai girma daga littafinsa "Natural History of kwaro", a cikin abin da ya nuna duk da ya lura.

Hakika, shi ba ya dauki dukan bashi, wanda shi ne daban-daban Lamarck. Biography na halittu, botanist kuma dabbobi na da 'yan sananne abubuwa. Tare da Jamusanci bincike Gottfried Treviranus ya gabatar da zamani ma'anar "nazarin halittun" da kalmar. Lamarck kuma Halicci littattafai game da yanayin da na halitta mamaki, hydrogeology da m aiki na mutum.

ilmin dabbobi Falsafa

Babban aikin, "The Falsafa na ilmin dabbobi", Zhan Batist Lamark wallafa a 1809, da makamantansu. A da shi da masanin kimiyya ne mai jiwuwa da kuma ginannun ka'idar juyin halitta halittu masu rai. A cewar shi, da m rayuwa tashi daga inorganic al'amari, sa'an nan farkon m ci gaba.

Ya yi watsi da dawwamar jinsunan, la'akari da cewa kowane daga cikinsu ayan canza. A cewar shi, kowane kwayoyin tasowa daga sauki ga hadaddun, wucewa ta "saukarwa" juyin halitta daga ciliates dabbobi masu shayarwa. Bi da bi, a cikin kowane mataki ake kafa ta bambance-bambance da kuma rassan, wanda aka nuna a matsayin danginsu da kuma nau'in.

A cikin ka'idar, ya ware daga biyu na asali dokokin:

• A dokar da motsa jiki da kuma neuprazhneniya.
• A dokar gado na samu halaye.

Lamarck yi imani da cewa shuke-shuke da dabbobi sun canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi. Don daidaita da sauyin yanayi, kasar gona, samar da abinci Hanyar da kuma kama. D. wajen yin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ko wajen yin (ta amfani da ko ba ta amfani da) wasu gabobin. A lokacin da wannan tsari da hukuma zai iya canja bayyanar da aiki, da kuma wadannan canje-canje suna daukar kwayar cutar zuwa zuriyarsa. Kamar yadda wani misali, ya buga a raƙumin dawa ta wuyansa elongation, da kuma saye da moles makanta.

Kurakurai a ka'idar

Lamarck ta views sa da yawa rigingimu da shubuha kalamai. Ya zato na canzawa daga jinsuna da kuma su sauka a hankali wahala ne da goyan bayan kimiyya a yau. Shi ma wani ɓangare na 'yancin, samar da nasu a tilasta doka da kuma motsa jiki.

Duk da haka, akwai erroneous ka'idojin da ka'idar juyin halitta Lamarck. Kimiyyar zamani ta karyata da'awar cewa rayuwa ta ci gaba samozarozhdatsya na inorganic yanayi. Ya kuma yi wani kuskure a gano haddasawa da ka'idodinta gādo. Saboda haka, Lamarck yi imani da cewa dukkan rayuwa ne canza saboda ya m craving ga kamala da kuma samu halaye lalle ne, haƙĩƙa sun gaji da zurriyarsu.

Gwaje-gwaje da Avgusta Veysmana kushe shi. Kimiyya beraye wutsiyoyi yanka da kuma lura su ga 20 zamaninsu. A canje-canje ba zai shafi zuriyarsa. Daga baya, an kammala da cewa sabon ingancin da aka gada kawai a lokacin da shi ne sakamakon wani kwayoyin maye gurbi.