Polovtsian steppe: description, tarihi, mutane da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Kalmar "Polovtsian steppe" da aka yi amfani da a tsakiyar zamanai designate sararin Eurasian steppe, wanda sararin Cumans rayu. Da farko, sunan makale a Farisa, sa'an nan ya zama mashahuri a cikin wasu kasashe, ciki har da Rasha. Arab kuma ya yi amfani da kalmar "Kipchak mataki", watau. K. Polovtsi aka sani a matsayin mai kypchaki. Wadannan kabilun gudanar sway a yankin a cikin XI-XIII ƙarni. A karshen su mamayar alama da Mongol mamayewa.

A search na wani sabon gida

Geographically Polovtsian steppe maida hankali ne akan wata babbar sarari. Yana fara a kan hagu banki na Danube, a kan ƙasa na ba-rana Romania. Zangonmu shagaltar ƙasashe na zamani Moldova, Ukraine, Rasha da kuma Kazakhstan. A gabashin batu za a iya kira Lake Balkhash. A kudu iyaka da steppe ya Black Sea, da Caucasus Mountains, da Caspian Sea da kuma Semi-Hamada na Asiya ta tsakiya. A arewa sa wata halitta iyaka a cikin nau'i na gandun daji a cikin sama kai na cikin Dnieper, ƙasashen da Arewa-Eastern Rasha, Volga Bulgaria, da Kama River da kuma Irtysh. Har ila yau Polovtsian steppe an raba ta zuwa yammacin (daga Danube da Caspian Sea) da kuma gabas (daga Caspian zuwa Altai).

Har XI karni Kipchak rayu a kan bankunan na Irtysh. Amma a kusa da 1030, da suka koma zuwa yamma, kasancewa a Gabashin Turai. Sake ma su matsugunni da aka ba lumana. Motsi wajen yamma, da Cumans aka fitar daga gidajensu Pechenegs da Hungarians. Yana da aka kama sabon makiyaya. Wuya makiyaya ne daidai wanda za su hadu a cikin nisa yammacin asashe. Amma gaskiyar da ya rage cewa babu wani daga cikin steppe kabilu a Gabashin Turai ba sa iya rike baya da mãsu alãma.

makwabta polovtsev

A farkon karni na XI Polovtsian Steppe samu sabon masu, wanda ya rayu a kan tsaurara dokokin soja dimokuradiyya. Mamayar (da haka da sake wa dukan mutane) karkashin jagorancin talented kwamandojin wanda ya nemi fitarwa a fagen yaƙi. Domin da nomadic na'urar ne da ikon ya ubiquitous. Mai intruders sha'awar a cikin yankin, zuwa arewacin inda ka fara Rus. Polovtsian steppe rufe a nan su ne mafi m ƙasar, haka ma, ya fi dace da waje kiwo shanu, da na dawakai, ba tare da abin da steppe bai wakiltar ransa. Waɗannan su ne Azov da kuma Lower Don asashe. Har ila yau a cikin wannan jerin hada da na yanzu Donetsk yankin na Ukraine (a yau akwai wani wuri mai faɗi shakatawa "Polovtsian steppe").

Kafin wadannan wurare rayu da Pechenegs da Bulgarians. Kusa da babba ya kai na Arewa Donets sun m da m wurare inda nomadic sojan doki kai da aka quite wuya. Akwai Alans - da saurã daga tsohon masu na gandun daji-steppe. Har ila yau a cikin ƙananan kai na da Volga shi wanzu kafin da Khazar Khanate, ya hallaka Slavic sojojin Svyatoslav na Kiev. The yawan waɗannan ƙasashe aka hankali gauraye da Polovtsy da kuma wasu canza su bayyanar a cikin assimilation tsari.

kabilanci kasko

Ya magance a cikin sabon wurare, Kipchak zama makwabta guzskih da Pecheneg hordes. Wadannan makiyaya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abun da ke ciki na sabon Polovtsian al'umma. Tasiri Guz da Pechenegs tasiri a kan al'adun binne na sabon Masters matakan. Rayuwa a kan bankunan na Irtysh, polovtsy zuba dutse mounds. Jikinsa fit kai zuwa gabas. Dole a sanya gaba ga gawar wani doki, wanda otchlenyali ƙafafunsa. A wannan yanayin Polovtsy steppe ya sabon abu ga wani alama. Suna da wannan karrama aka binne mata da maza.

A cikin sabon wurin zama, wadannan bukukuwan sun zama Heart a bango na tsohuwar al'adar da yan unguwa. A wuri na dutse mounds zo sauki rami. Maimakon haka, doki ya fara binne effigy. A jikin yanzu sa kansa zuwa yamma. Canje-canje a cikin jana'izar bikin ba zai iya zama mafi alhẽri faye hali m kabilanci canje-canje samu Polovtsian steppe. A jama'ar wannan yankin ya kasance kullum m. Polovtsi a yawan ba ko da ma da yawa idan aka kwatanta da kasashe makwabtanta. Amma shi ne wanda suka ga ƙarni biyu da yankin taka leda a farkon goge, saboda daga cikinsu akwai mafi aiki da kuma iko generals, to pacify abokan adawar da fafatawa a gasa.

Samun mahaifarsa

Modern archaeologists sun sauƙi sun tsare da ƙasa, wanda a tsakiyar zamanai dauki Cumans, godiya ga halayyar dutse sculptures. A farko wannan mutum-mutumi ya bayyana a arewacin tekun na Azov Sea da kuma ƙananan kai na da Seversky Donets. Shi ne lebur da stelovidnye sculptures depicting fuska da kuma wasu sassa na mutum adadi (makamai, kirji). Wadannan zane-zane, ko kuma an zare ko kerarre a cikin nau'i na low reliefs.

Ko da mamayewa na mangolawa a Polovtsian steppe bai hallaka wadannan m Monuments na epoch. Statue, dake nuna mata da maza, da sun kasance m halayen arna wuraren bauta, wanda, bi da bi, da aka dogara ne a kan mataki na biyu na nomadism. Bayan mataki na farko (mamayewa da kuma hijirarsa kanta) Polovets Society stabilized. Shirya nomadic hanyoyi. Sun yi tsiwirwirinsu wani m hunturu da kuma bazara filin ajiye motoci. Kiwon addini mutummutumai steppe jaddada: su ne a cikin sabon gida na dogon lokaci.

Cumans da kuma Rasha

A farko shaidar baki a kan Polovtsy hada 1030 ta. Lokacin da suka fara shirya farko kamfen da makwabta domin washe. Zaunar da yawan Kirista kasashen kadan ban sha'awa ga abin da aka faruwa a cikin daji da kuma m steppe. Saboda haka, a karon farko da suka yi magana game da Polovtsy a daidai lokacin da suka mamaye su gida.

Mafi kusa makwabcin sabon makiyaya (as shi ne yanayin da Pechenegs) ya Rassi. A karo na farko Cumans yunkurin fashi da arziki a cikin Gabas Slavic ƙasashe a 1060. Sa'an nan hadu uninvited baƙi bar sojojin Prince Svyatoslav na Chernigov Yaroslavovych. Yana da aka hudu sau kasa da cikin rundunar 'yan steppe ma'abũta, amma cewa bai daina Rasha tawagar ta doke abokan gaba. Wannan shekara, da yawa makiyaya ne aka kashe, kuma Muka nutsar a cikin ruwan kogin sake. Duk da haka, taron da aka riga da kawai kara matsala, wadda kasance a shirye su fada a kan Rasha.

dogon abun cece kuce

Har 1060 a gabashin Slavic ƙasashe wanda gaske san abin da Polovtsian steppe. Da zuwan a kan iyakar daji da baubawa makiyaya, waɗanda suke mafi sharri daga cikin Pechenegs, mazauna Rasha involuntarily ya samu amfani da sabon m unguwa. Ga wani kusan ƙarni biyu Polovtsy aka kullum invading ƙasarsu.

Domin Rasha da wannan adawa ya fi hatsari fiye da wuya saboda da cewa shi ne a cikin XI karni, kafin guda jihar ta shiga wani mataki na siyasa fragmentation. A baya can data kasance monolithic Kiev ikon ya iya yaƙi a kan daidaita tare da barazanar cewa exudes Polovtsian steppe. Musamman da rabo daga Rasha ya kai ga cewa a ranar da karkararta akwai lokatan da dama m mulkoki. Sau da yawa, da suka ba kawai sõyayya a kokarin da yaki da steppe, amma kuma suka yi yaƙi da juna.

sabon barazana

Polovtsi jayayya sau da yawa amfani ga hukunci, washe da kuma ɗebe su zuwa aiki bawa fararen hula defenseless kudancin ƙauyuka. Bugu da ƙari, cikin makiyaya fara haya da sabis na wasu sarakuna, lokacin da suka yi yaƙi da su da dangi daga kasashen mulkoki. Saboda haka polovtsy yardar kaina tsinkãyi zurfi a cikin Rasha da kuma a can uchinyali zubar da jini.

Polovtsian mulki a matakan Gabashin Turai bace bayan daga Asia zo da wani kalaman na makiyaya. Waɗannan su ne mangolawa. Su ne ma fi yawa, ferocity da kuma rashin tausayi. Domin da karni biyu, a kan karkata daga Turai Cumans a hankali, zama kusa wayewa. The hali na mangolawa sun yawa tougher kuma mafi m.

The bacewar na Polovtsian

Domin da farko lokacin da wani sabon taro kawo wa ƙasar hari Polovtsy a 1220 ta. A karshe sõyayya da Rasha shugabanninmu, amma sha kaye a yakin da Kalka River. Babu wanda ran irin wannan mummunan barazana cewa wakilci mangolawa. A Polovtsian matakan duk abin da ya kusa manyan canje-canje. Bayan na farko hari Mongolian abruptly jũya. Duk da haka, a cikin 1236, sai suka koma. A kawai 'yan shekaru, sun lashe dukkan Polovtsian steppe har zuwa iyaka da Hungary. Haka kuma, suna lazimta wani haraji ga Rasha.

Polovtsi ba ya bace daga fuskar duniya, amma suna zaune a cikin bauta matsayi. A hankali, wadannan mutane gauraye da Mongol hordes. Daga wannan assimilation faru Tatars, Bashkirs, da sauransu. D. Tun da XIII karni, da kalmar "Polovtsian steppe" ya zama tsaoho.