A tarihin ruble. Yadda ya yi da ruble

A ruble yana dauke da tarihi Rasha monetary naúrar. Provenance ruble hukuma ta fara da Novgorod Birch haushi haruffa farko na XIII karni, amma da yawa masana tarihi sun yarda da cewa ruble ne mai monetary ra'ayi wanzu kafin, watakila tun cikin ƙarni na goma.

Origin of manufar

A tarihin abin da ya faru na ruble aka kai tsaye alaka da tarihi na Novgorod Land. A farko da aka rubuta ambaci ruble aka kwanan rana 1281-1299 gg. Duk da yake mutane da yawa fragmented Rasha mulkoki dadin Kiev hryvnia matsayin monetary naúrar. Za mu iya ɗauka cewa labarin ne mai ci gaba da ruble ko "reshe" da tarihi na hryvnia.

A farkon da XIII karni a Novgorod a cikin shakka sun 200-gram azurfa bullion a cikin nau'i na da sandunansu cewa ta oblong siffar da kuma nauyi reminiscent na hryvnia - da monetary naúrar na Kievan Rus. Duk da haka, a bambanci ga Kiev, Novgorod, wadannan ingots aka kira "ruble".

A tarihin Rasha ruble danganta sunan da monetary naúra da sauki Rasha lyudom. Kamar yadda sunan da aka bambanta da ta membobinsu a cikin na kowa parlance shi ne wata ila cewa ruble zama da aka sani ingots, tun kafin na farko ambaci a cikin charters, shi ya sa yana da matukar wuya a ƙayyade daidai lokacin da asalin na ruble.

darajar

Babu yarjejeniya game da darajar da farko rubles. A fragmented mulkoki dadin azurfa bullion - hryvnya ko rubles, domin karami lissafin amfani da waje tsabar kudi, da dinari da Dirhams, ya kira a Rasha "coon."

Lokaci-lokaci 200 gram ingots da poltinas hack to ko karami sassa, don daidai lissãfi. Wannan al'amari ya dagula tabbatar da dalilin da ainihin darajar da ruble, domin bisa ga daya ruble ne wani analogue na hryvnia, da kuma sauran - ta "dungu" na 100 grams.

Shi ne wata ila cewa murƙushe da sarauta ba gaba daya converged kudin a cikin sunayen, da kuma ruble a Novgorod ya gaske daidaita da hryvnia, da kuma ruble a Moscow ya kasa da rabi. An tabbatar da cewa ya bayyana daga baya sun Lithuanian ruble, yin la'akari 100 g

A etymology na kalmar

Ruble Tarihi ba shi da bayanai a kan daidai asalin na ambatacce. Akwai hudu main zažužžukan ga asalin kalmar "ruble" to date. Ainihin version - da ruble ne wanda aka samu daga kalmar "goga", wanda yake nufin "hadin gwiwa". Novgorod Ruble buga da fasaha da aka farko zuba a cikin wani mold rabin na azurfa, sa'an nan kashi na biyu, da ingot aka kafa a tsakiyar kabu. Saboda haka maras ɗa'a sunan ingot - da ruble.

Kamar yadda na biyu version na tushen kalma zo daga fi'ili "to yanka." A wannan yanayin, masana kimiyya suna la'akari da biyu zažužžukan. A farko - cikin ruble ya kasance wani ɓangare na hryvnia, ko fiye daidai, ta hudu. watau poltina, bagure a cikin rabin. Biyu rungumi - Novgorod Ruble daban-daban daga Kiev hryvnia notches nuna yabo da kuma darajar azurfa ingot.

A wasu iri biyu bayar da shawarar wajen samo sharuddan daga wasu harsuna. Zai yiwu kalmar "ruble" yana da na kowa tushen da kalmar "rupee", wanda yake nufin "azurfa elapsed aiki." Bayan m dangane da Larabci kalma "kwata", wanda sauti kamar "RR".

A tarihin ruble tsaya a nan ba a farkon iri biyu, kamar yadda masana tarihi raba da ra'ayi daga cikin na'urorin haɗi na kalmar "ruble" a na kowa parlance, ba converge tare da yiwuwar aron ajalin.

farko ruble

A amfani da m azurfa ingots ya musamman m, amma ya ci gaba har XIV karni lokacin, a zamanin mulkin Dmitry Donskoy ya fara Mint sabon kananan tsabar kudi. Kowane tsabar kudin auna kadan kasa da daya gram da aka kira "kudi", kamar yadda gãdon Tatar-Mongol karkiya. Yana da labarin "ruble" tsabar kudin farawa daga wannan lokaci.

Tsabar kudi na daban-daban tsari, tun da shi ne da wuya ya shifida wani cikakken da'ira, duk da haka, nauyi da hatimi a cibiyar na tsabar kudi ne guda. Print zane iya bambanta dangane da sarauta, inda tsabar kudi da aka minted.

By motsi zuwa karami kudi lissafin zama sauƙin, da kuma ƙarshe 200-gram ingots zo daga rayuwar yau da kullum na talakawa mutane da aka yi amfani da kawai a cikin wholesale cinikayya.

Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da siyasa na Novgorod da kuma Moscow mulkoki, kazalika daga yammacin Duchy na Lithuania da XV karni ruble cikakken ƙwace da hryvnia, kuma ya zama ba kawai da lakabi na ingot, amma kuma kunkuntar shiryayye ra'ayi soma ga lissafi da kuma kirgawa na kudi a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar.

Canje-canje da sauye-sauye

A farko tartsatsi ruble kudin garambawul da aka za'ayi a tsakiyar XVI karni. A 1534 a birnin Moscow ya fara wani hadade kudin gyara, manufar wanda shi ne daidaituwa na tsabar kudi amfani ga biya, kazalika da yin kawar da kasuwannin gida na kasashen waje, ya ruɗar da cinikayya.

Ainihin monetary naúrar ya Moscow ruble, wanda kunshi wani 200 ko 100 na Moscow kudi Novgorod kudi. Daga bisani Novgorod tsabar kudi da aka kira "dinari", da kuma Moscow - "mechenkami". Wadannan sunayen suna hade da buga a kan Reverse gefen tsabar kudin. A kan dinari aka minted warrior da mashi a kan dawakai, da kuma a kan mechenke - jarumi tare da wani takobi. The karami tsabar kudin da aka dauke mite, cewa shi ne, rabin mechenki. sau da yawa shi ne kawai tsabar kudin, bagure ko karya a cikin rabin.

Tun da azurfa bullion a ƙungiyõyi na ruble a lokacin XVI karni gaba daya ya fita daga amfani, da ruble, har tsakiyar XVI karni zauna kome fiye da wani ma'auni naúrar.

A 1654, lokacin da aka fara minted tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyõyi na daya ruble. A gaskiya, shi ya perechekanennye Jamus tsabar kudi, wanda a gefe daya da aka buga gashi na makamai (biyu mikiya), da kuma a kan sauran gefen sarki wanda aka nuna a kan doki. Tsabar kudin da ake kira "ruble", amma auna kasa da na girma - 64 grams.

Lokacin da jirgin Bitrus I kudi karfe minted da kansa, kazalika da yawan canje-canje da aka sanya da kuma jan dinari nauyi da aka gabatar a cikin 28 g da ƙungiyõyi na 1/100 rabo ra'ayi. Bugu da kari ga jan aninai aka gabatar, da zinariya guda a ƙungiyõyi na 3 rubles da kuma yin la'akari kawai a kan 3 grams na zinariya. Daga baya, a wajen ƙarshen XVIII karni, da yawan azurfa a tsabar kudin ƙungiyõyi na 1 ruble fadi zuwa 18 grams.

assignations

A farko takarda rubles bayyana a zamanin mulkin Catherine II, a 1769. Wadannan banknotes sun kasance a wurare dabam dabam na tsawon shekaru 50. a lokacin da suka bugu da aka ba a kula da jihar, wanda ya kai ga ainihin rushewar tattalin arziki, saboda takarda rubles ya fiye samar da daraja karafa. A 1843, banknotes aka gaba daya janye daga amfani.

A farko kasawa banki bayanin kula da aka maye a cikin wannan shekara, bankin da bayanin kula, duk da haka, bisa ga irin dalilan bankuna zarar daina musanya su da zinariya da azurfa - takarda kudi ya fiye da methane rabu a cikin software.

A gyara daga 1897 ya bayar da wani sabon takarda ruble goyon baya da zinariya. Print rubles da aka za'ayi da sabuwar fasaha, da ta shafi amfani da dama launuka da kuma bangarori daban-daban na kariya. Orel Multicolour bugu (haka suna a cikin girmamawa Ivana Orlova) a yarda don kauce wa counterfeits da kuma kara bayyana iko a kan saki da yawan banknotes.

A farkon karni na ashirin da kuma na sarauta monetary tsarin

Wannan lokaci na auka na Rasha Empire da kuma kafa Soviet Rasha, da ake kira "lokaci na matsaloli." Ba mamaki, da tarihi na Rasha ruble a cikin wannan lokaci ne dauke da mafi rikitarwa da kuma yawan na aikin da unofficial kudin canje-canje da aka wuya ƙidãya.

Ko a lokacin yaki, da Japan Empire suka fara rashin kudi. m damunsu, yunkurin juyin mulki, kazalika da Rasha ta shiga yakin duniya na zahiri jagoranci Empire da rashin kudi a. Yana bace daga rayuwar yau da kullum duk tsabar kudi, har ma da karami.

A yi, duk da cewa an kira ga rahoton a rubles da aka yi amfani da cinikayya, bai yi har ma da karami darajar, tun lokacin da aka ba su taimaki ta reserves masu daraja karafa. Rubles aka kira kai-buga banknotes, ruwan inabi tasirin, da kuma ko da fentin da kudi. A cikin tarihin ci gaban da ruble, kazalika a tarihin kasar, wannan lokaci za a iya daukan mafi maras tabbas.

A farko Soviet rubles

A tarihin ruble a Rasha na farkon Soviet lokacin fara a shekarar 1923, lokacin da aka minted na farko zinariya ducat, daidaita zuwa 10 na sarki rubles. A musayar ducats aka bayar tsabar kudi na azurfa - azurfa. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi rare Soviet tsabar kudi kamar zinariya tsabar kudi da kuma silversmiths amfani da yafi ga kasashen waje ma'amaloli a cikin kasar suna kusan babu zabi.

Tare da 30-ies. A karni na ashirin fara bayyana takarda rubles da kananan tsabar kudi na cheap karfe gami. Gwamnatin kokarin kawo kudi to guda format ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar karni, tare da bayyanar rubles da kopecks canja sau da yawa sosai.

Garambawul na 1961

Babbar kudin gyara a cikin tarihi na Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma watakila Rasha a matsayin dukan da aka shirya a cikin tsawon shekaru 10. Aka zaba kayan da sabon darajar da ruble, an sanya uniform format da kuma zabi guda zane. Kan gaba 'yan shekaru da kungiyar tarayyar ya wuce, musanyawa dukkan kudi ga sabon.

Daya Rub sabon samfurin da aka daidaita 10 rubles haihuwa (ta farko Soviet samfurin) kuma yana da zinariya daidai da 1 g na zinariya. Yau da kullum tsabar kudi sanya masu daraja karafa ba minted mafi fãce ga batun na tsabar kudi to alama muhimmanci events ko anniversaries.

Modern Rasha Ruble

A tarihin ruble yi mashi wani rikicin a cikin farkon 90s. Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet da tsohon Soviet rubles sun kasance a yi amfani da har 1993, lokacin da hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma tattalin arziki da rikicin da aka gaba daya durkusar da kasa kudin da ba da damar mai santsi miƙa mulki ga kudi na sabon format.

Don kauce wa wani karuwa a kumbura, monetary gyare-gyare da soma for wurare dabam dabam sabon banknotes da yawa zeros da aka gudanar a 1993. A shekarar 1998, gwamnatin Rasha da aka gudanar da jerin monetary gyãra, wanda aka bishi da denomination da bayar da sababbin bayanin kula da cewa su ne a wurare dabam dabam a yau.