Kievan Rus ': ilimi da kuma tarihin

Kievan Rus - wani na kwarai sabon abu na na da tarihin Turai. Mamaye geographically tsaka-tsaki tsakanin wayewar gabas da yamma, ya zama mafi muhimmanci yanki na tarihi da kuma al'adu da lambobi da kafa ba wai kawai a kan tushen da wani ciki wadãtacce, amma kuma a cikin muhimmanci da tasiri na makwabta al'ummai.

Da samuwar tribal ƙawance

Jihar Ilimi Kievan Rus da asalin samuwar na zamani Slavic mutane kafe a cikin sau lokacin da manyan sassa na Gabashi da Kudancin-Gabashin Turai zai fara Great Hijira na Slavs, wanda dade har zuwa karshen VII karni. Single kafin Slavic al'umma a hankali disintegrates a gabashin, yammacin, kudanci da kuma arewacin Slavic tribal kwadago. A tsakiyar na th. A cikin ƙasa na zamani Ukraine ya wanzu Antsky da Sklavinsky Union of Slavic kabilu. Bayan smashing a V karni BC kabilar Huns da karshe bacewar na Yammacin Roman Empire Ants Union suka fara wasa shahararren rawa a Gabashin Turai. A mamayewa na Avar kabilu ba su ba wannan jam'iyya kafa a jihar, amma aiwatar da samuwar statehood ba a tsaya. Slavic kabilu karkashin mulkin mallakar sabon asashe da kuma gama don ƙirƙirar sabon ƙawance na kabilu.

Da farko, akwai wani wucin gadi, m ƙungiyar na kabilu - for soja kamfen ko tsaro a kan m makwabta da makiyaya. A hankali wani tarayya, tare da irin wannan al'ada da kuma rayuwar da makwabta kabilu. A karshe, ƙungiyar ta kafa yankin protogosudarstvennyh irin - ƙasar da mulkoki wanda baya sun haifar da wani tsari kamar samuwar jihar Kiev Rassi.

A takaice, da abun da ke ciki na Slavic kabilan

Mafi zamani tarihi makarantu haɗu da farko sani na Rasha, Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci mutane ga auka daga cikin manyan Slavic ƙabilun jituwa tsakanin al'umma da kuma zargin wani sabon zaman samuwar - tribal alliance. A hankali a hankali ne haduwa da Slavic kabilan ba Yunƙurin zuwa jihar Kievan Rus. Jihar ilimi da aka kara a karshen cikin Sabunta karni. A kan ƙasa na nan gaba iko na bakwai siyasa ƙawance da aka kafa: dulibov, Drevlyane, Croats, glades, Ulichi, Tivertsy, siveryan. Daya daga cikin na farko zo Dulibsky Union, ha kabilan cewa populate da ƙasa na gundumar. Gorin a gabas zuwa yamma. Bug. A mafi m ɓangaren da ya glades kabilar cewa sun shagaltar da karkararta tun daga tsakiyar Dnieper River. Black takaddamarsu a arewa da kogin. Irpen da Ros a kudu. Da samuwar da tsoho Jihar Kievan Rus ya faru a kan ƙasashen wadannan kabilu.

Ana zargin da rudiments na gwamnatin

A yanayi na samuwar tribal ƙawance girma da soja da siyasa da muhimmanci. Mafi yawa daga cikin kãma a lokacin soja kamfen na samar da kasafin shugabannin kabilu da kuma 'yan ta'adda - dauke da makamai masu sana'a sojoji da suke bauta wa shugabannin na kudin. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa majalisai na free maza, warriors ko mutãne kudade (bẽne), wanda solves wani muhimmin administrative da kuma} ungiyoyin da al'amura. An raba cikin wani Layer na tribal jagoranci a hannun cewa mayar da hankali iko. A abun da ke ciki na wannan Layer kunshi da boyars - shawara da m yarima, shugabannin kansu da retainers.

Kadaici Polyansky Union

Musamman tsanani jama'a ilimin aiwatar da ke faruwa a ƙasa Polanski tribal mulkoki. Yana girma darajar Kiev - babban birnin kasar. A m iko a cikin sarauta mallakar zuriyar Polyansky Prince Kyi.

Tsakanin Sabunta kuma IX cc. a cikin sarauta sun ɓullo da real siyasa preconditions for fitowan a kan ta da asali farko Slavic jihar, wanda daga baya ya karbi sunan Kievan Rus.

Ilimi na sunan "Rus"

The tambaya "Ina yi duhũli da Rasha ƙasar", ba ta da tarihin Nestor, bai sami wani sarari amsar wannan sosai rana. Yau, da dama kimiyya theories game da Asalin sunan "Rus" ne na kowa daga masana tarihi, "Kievan Rus". Da samuwar wannan magana da aka kafe a cikin zurfin baya. Broadly magana, wadannan sharuddan aka yi amfani a cikin bayanin duk Eastern Slavic yankuna a cikin kunkuntar - shan la'akari ne kawai da Kiev, Chernigov da Pereiaslav ƙasar. Daga cikin Slavic kabilu, wadannan sunayen sun bazuwar da kuma kara gindin a daban-daban wuri sunayen. Alal misali, sunayen kõguna - tayoyin. Ros, et al. A wannan da aka mai suna Slavic wadanda al'ummai waɗanda, ya dauki wani kyakkyawan zarafi a kan matsakaici a ƙasashe Naddniprianshchyna. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, da sunan daya daga cikin kabilanku, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin kungiyar tarayyar Polanski Aka yi raɓa ko Russes, kuma daga baya kawai tip na zamantakewa jam'iyya Polyansky fara kiran kansu Rassi. A cikin IX karni ƙare tare da samuwar da tsoho Rasha jihar. Kievan Rus 'wanzu.

Yankin ƙasar da Eastern Slavs

Geographically, duk da iyalansu da suke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka ko gandun daji. Wadannan halitta wurare suna m ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin da aminci ga rayuwa. Shi ne a cikin tsakiyar latitudes, gandun daji da gandun daji ya fara da samuwar Jihar Kievan Rus.

A general tsari na kudancin kungiyar na Slavic kabilan muhimmanci shafi yanayin da dangantaka da ke makwabtaka da al'ummai da ƙasashe. A ƙasa zama na zamanin d Rus aka located a kan iyakar da ke tsakanin kasashen gabas da yamma. Waɗannan ƙasashe suna located a tsaka-tsaki na zamanin d hanyoyi da cinikayya hanyoyi. Amma abin takaici, wadannan wurare suna bude da kuma unprotected halitta shinge, abin da ya sa su m zuwa incursions da kuma hare-hare.

Hulda da makwabta

A kan VII- Sabunta ƙarni. babban barazana ga gida yawan mutane hanya mutanen Gabas da kuma Kudu. Na musamman muhimmancin ga filin ilimi shi ne Khazar Khanate - mai karfi jihar, dake a cikin matakan da Arewa Black Sea da kuma Crimea. A dangane da Slavs Khazars mu dauki wani m ra'ayi. Farko, da suka hõre wani haraji da kuma Vyatichi siveryan, kuma daga baya - da kuma filin. A gwagwarmayar da Khazars gudummawar da daidaituwa na kabilu Polanski tribal alliance, wanda aka yi ciniki, kuma suka yi jihãdi da Khazars. Watakila saboda Khazars da Slavs haye suna ubangijina - Hagan.

Muhimmanci su ne dangantakar da Slavic kabilu tare da Rum. Akai-akai Slavic shugabannin yaƙi da kuma ciniki tare da iko daular, da kuma wani lokacin har ya shiga ta soja shawararta. A yamma da Gabas Slavic mutane kiyaye dangantakar da Slovaks, Dogayen sanda da kuma Czechs.

Da samuwar Jihar Kievan Rus

Siyasa cin Polyansky sarautar jagoranci zuwa fitowan a nuna na Sabunta-IX ƙarni, jama'a ilimi, wanda daga baya aka sanya sunan "Rus". Kamar yadda babban birnin kasar na sabon ikon zama Kiev, masana tarihi XIX-XX Art. Sun fara kira ta "Kievan Rus". kasar ilimin fara a tsakiya Dnieper, inda suka zauna drevlyans, siveryane da kuma share.

A mulkin Rasha da lakabi na Kagan (Haka), m Rasha Grand Duke. A fili yake cewa irin wannan suna iya kawai sa Ubangiji, wanda ta hanyar su social tsaye sama Prince tribal alliance. A karfafa sabuwar gwamnati ya nuna da aiki da ayyukan sojojin. A karshen Sabunta a. Rassi jagoranci Polyansky Prince Bravlin farmaki da Crimean Coast da kuma kama writhing Surozh da Korsun. A 838 da Rus zo a cikin Rum. Saboda haka shi aka bayar huldar diplomasiyya tare da gabashin daular. Ilimi Gabas Slavic Jihar Kievan Rus 'ya da wani babban taron. Ta aka gane a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi iko al'umman lokaci.

A farko shugabannin Kievan Rus

Mulki a Rasha wakilan Kievich daular, da suka hada da 'yan'uwansa Askold da Dir. A cewar wasu masana tarihi, sun kasance co-shugabanni, ko watakila a farko mulki Deer, sa'an nan - Askold. A waɗannan kwanaki, a kan Dnieper akwai squads na Normans - Swedes, Danes, Norwegians. Sun kasance kare cinikayya hanyoyi da kuma matsayin haya a lokacin hare-hare. A 860 Askold, je rundunar 6-8 dubu. Man, za'ayi a kan Kostantinopol teku yaƙin neman zaɓe. Kasancewa a cikin Rum, Askold Masana wani sabon addini - Kristanci, aka yi masa baftisma, da kuma kokarin kawo wani sabon addini, wanda zai iya daukar da Kievan Rus. Ilimi, tarihi da sabon kasar fara jin tasirin Byzantine da masana falsafa da gabascin. Na Rasha Empire a ƙasar da aka gayyace firistoci da gine-ginen. Amma wadannan matakan Askold bai kawo yawa nasara - daga cikin nobility da commoners har yanzu karfi da tasiri na kafirci. Saboda haka, Kiristanci ya shigo daga baya a cikin Kievan Rus.

Da samuwar sabuwar jiha domin ayyana farkon wani sabon zamanin a cikin tarihi na Eastern Slavs - zamanin da cikakken fledged jama'a-rayuwar siyasa.