Shekaru na rayuwa Hristofora Kolumba: biography, tafiyarka, binciken

Duk da cewa sanannen mai bincike ya iya gano America da taimakon Sarkin Spain, shi ya kasance wani 'yan qasar na Italiya. Matasa shekaru na rayuwa Hristofora Kolumba faru a cikin daukan hotuna da Apennine sashin. An haife shi a Genoa a 1451, kuma an ilimi a Jami'ar Pavia. Daga haihuwa ya rayu kusa da teku, da kuma yanke shawarar ya kebe kansa don tafiya. Shi ne kuma gaskiya cewa shekaru na rayuwa Hristofora Kolumba faru a zamanin Gwargwadon binciken, a lokacin da Turawa bar ruwan Bahar Rum da kuma fara neman hanyar zuwa India.

Farko na kewayawa

Kirista gwamnati a] en seafarers domin samun damar zuwa tsada albarkatu. Ko kafin Columbus Portuguese explorers saita kashe gabas tare da bakin tekun na Afirka. A cikin 70s, Christopher yanke shawarar samun wata hanya mai nisa yammacin hanya. Bisa ga lissafin, shi ya kamata ka je a wancan shugabanci a latitud na Canary Islands, bayan abin da zai yiwu ya isa gaba na Japan.

A wannan lokaci ya rayu a Portugal, wadda ita ce cibiyar duk da Turai kewayawa. Ya halarci balaguro zuwa Guinea, inda Elmina sansanin soja da aka gina a 1481. A lokaci guda wani m bincike ziyarci Ingila, Iceland, kuma Ireland, inda ya koya game da gida Legends game Vinland. Saboda haka a cikin tsohon kwana, da Vikings kira su bude ƙasar. A da Coast na Arewacin Amirka. Saboda gaskiya cewa a tsakiyar zamanai babu karfi links tsakanin arna da kuma Kirista Turai, Scandinavia, gano tafi kada a gane shi.

tafiya kungiyar zuwa yamma

Domin shekaru masu yawa, da rayuwa Hristofora Kolumba aka kashe a kokarin shawo kan gwamnatin ko daban-daban yan kasuwa don tafiyar da ya habarta balaguro zuwa yamma. A farko, ya yi kokarin samun wani yare gama-gari tare da NEGOTIANT daga ƙasarsa ta Genoa, sai suka ƙi su yi kasadar su kudi. A 1483, aikin da aka sa a kan tebur na Portuguese King João II. Ya kuma yi watsi da m kamfani.

Bayan wannan koma-baya, Christopher tafi Spain. Akwai ya ya iya goyon bayan da gida da shugabannai, wanda ya kawo shi wurin sarki da sarauniya. Spain ƙa'ida bai wanzu ba. A maimakon haka, akwai jihohin biyu - Castile da kuma Aragon. Da aure da shugabanninsu (Ferdinand da Isabella) kawo tare biyu rawanin a cikin wannan. The biyu ya ba wani mai sauraro zuwa Navigator. Ya aka nada hukumar, wanda ya tantance halin kaka da kuma yadda wannan ne wajaba ga baitul. A farko Sakamakon m for Columbus. Ya ƙi, kuma ya miƙa wa sake duba daftarin. Sa'an nan, ya yi kokarin gudanar da shawarwari tare da Sarkin Ingila da Portugal (sake).

Yarjejeniyar da Spain

A 1492, Spain ta kãma Granada da kuma kammala karatunsa Reconquista - Musulmi fitar daga Yaren Kasar Larabawa. Sarki da sarauniya sake warware daga al'amurran siyasa da kuma tsunduma a cikin balaguro na Columbus. A karshe kalma ce Isabella, da wanda ya amince da sa ko da duk su na sirri taskõki da kayan ado domin tabbatar da cewa jiragen ruwa da kuma kayan abinci. Mariner aka yi wa'adi da cewa zai zama Halĩfa na dukan ƙasashe da ya buɗe. Shi ne kuma suna da daraja da kuma Admiral na Ocean Sea, aka nan da nan ba.

Bugu da kari ga Colombian hukuma taimaki mai Martin Alonso Pinzón, suka miƙa daya daga cikin su jiragen ruwa ( "Pinta"). A farko balaguro aka ma hannu Karakka "Santa Maria" da kuma jirgin "Nina". Duk da tawagar ɗari da mutanen da suka aikata.

A farko balaguro

Shekaru Hristofora Kolumba rai da aka kashe. Ya kasance karshe iya gane mafarki. Mutane da yawa daga cikin bayani na farko da tafiya zuwa yamma sani a gare mu godiya ga jirgin ya log, wanda ya kiyaye kowace rana. Wadannan m records ake kiyaye saboda gaskiyar cewa, firist Bartolomé de las Casas a 'yan shekaru da ya yi kwafin takardar.

3 ga watan Agusta, 1492 Spanish jirãge bar tashar jiragen ruwa. Satumba 16 da aka bude a Sargasso Sea. Oktoba 13 a cikin hanyar jiragen ruwa da aka unknown ƙasar. Columbus zo zuwa tsibirin da kuma gina a kan shi tutar Castile. Ya aka mai suna San Salvador. Ga Spaniards farko gan taba, auduga, masara da dankali.

Tare da yan asali Columbus ya gano kasancewar babban tsibirin, wanda shi ne dan kadan da kudu. Yana da aka Cuba. Sa'an nan balaguro har yanzu yi imani da cewa shi ne wani wuri a yankin Asiya. Wasu yan asali guda na zinariya da aka samu cewa wahayi zuwa ga tawagar ci gaba don bincika taskõkin.

m binciken

Disamba 6 da aka gano tsibirin Hispaniola, wanda aka sa'an nan ya kira Hispaniola. Ko kafin cewa, daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa "Pinta" ya fitar da iko da Columbus, da kuma kyaftin ya fita neman wani tsibirin, wanda ake zargin sun taskõkin.

25 ga Disamba, "Santa Maria" je a fadin Reef, bayan wanda ta ƙungiya zauna a Haiti tare da kayayyaki ga wata shekara da kuma wani makami don kare kai. Columbus a kan na karshe jirgin "Nina" ya tafi Turai. Tare da hanyar da ya sadu da "Pinto", wanda ci gaba da tafiya gida.

Koma zuwa Turai

A watan Maris, da balaguro koma Spain inda ya karshe ya zama sananne binciken Hristofora Kolumba. Shi ne mai real mu'ujiza ga Turawa, wanda da farko suka ga Indians, dauka daga cikin tsibiran a kan "Nini". The balaguro Hristofora Kolumba kawo tare da ta kyauta da m fake yanayi - .. New shuke-shuke, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, da dai sauransu A labarai na nasarar da Spain ya jagoranci wani diplomasiyya jere. Ko da a cikin tsakiyar XV karni, Portugal samu daga shugaban Kirista da dama zuwa kasa karkashi bude waje da Afirka Cape Bohador. Tun lokacin da aka yi imani da cewa gano tsibiran ne wani ɓangare na Indiya, yayi tsakanin biyu iko na su doka matsayi.

A 1494, a karkashin shiga tsakani na da Paparoma na Roma da aka sanya hannu, a yarjejeniyar da Tordesillas, da wanda ikon mallakar wadannan kasashe delimited da latitud na Cape Verde.

Na biyu balaguro

Ko kafin cewa farkon na biyu tafiya Hristofora Kolumba. A wannan lokaci, a karkashin umurnin, shi ya riga 17 jiragen ruwa. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda admiral yanzu ji dadin falala mai girma sarki, sarauniya, kuma da yawa daga cikin Spanish iyayengiji, wanda bisa ga yarda fara ba shi kudi domin tafiya.

Na biyu tafiya Hristofora Kolumba ya daban-daban daga na farko har yanzu da kuma abun da ke ciki daga cikin tawagar. Wannan lokaci a kan jirgin ruwa ba kawai seamen. Da aka kara wa sufaye da mishaneri zuwa baftisma da 'yan asalin mutane. Har ila yau, ta sa aka dauka da jami'an da fādawan da suke tsara rayuwar wani m mallaka a yamma.

A cikin kwanaki 20 na tafiya da aka bude Dominica da Guadeloupe, inda ya rayu da Caribs, bambanta da wani m hali ga m makwabta. A farko gamuwa da su kasance a kan gaba daga cikin tsibirin Santa Cruz. A daidai wannan tarin tsiburai Virginia da Puerto Rico da aka gano.

A mulkin mallaka daga cikin tsibiran

The tawagar so don samun zuwa matuƙan bari a baya a Haiti a lokacin farko balaguro. kawai gawawwakin da kuma ragowar da aka samu a shafin na Fort. A lokaci guda suka tushen mata kagarai La Isabella da Santo Domingo. A halin yanzu, Spanish gwamnati yanke shawarar canza wurin da m hakkin zuwa wani navigator Columbus - Amerigo Vespucci. Christopher gano game da shi, sai ya tafi zuwa Turai ya tabbatar da rashin laifi. A fādar sarki, ya ce cewa riga ya kai Asia (a gaskiya shi ya Cuba). Hristofor Kolumb kuma kayyade cewa akwai kawai ne zinariya da shi ne a yanzu a karkashin sabon expeditions iya amfani kurkuku aiki ga manyan tattalin arziki.

The uku balaguro

Haka abin ya fara a uku balaguro Hristofora Kolumba. A 1498 ya jiragen ruwa skirted Haiti, ya tafi zuwa kudu, inda, a kan gabatar da kyaftin, sun zama aikin hakar zinari. Haka, an gano tsibirin Trinidad, da kuma bakin cikin Orinoco River a Venezuela a yau. Bayan sanya wannan tafiya, da balaguro koma zuwa Haiti (Hispaniola), inda gida mulkin mallaka riga yi bore. Ba su son abin da aka azurta su da kadan ƙasar. A sa'an nan yanke shawarar kai ga warware gida Indiyawan a matsayin bayi da kuma kara na sirri Holdings.

Duk da haka, wannan ba ya warware matsalar babban, wanda aka kafa wa kanmu, bincike-binciken Hristofora Kolumba. A Spain har yanzu bai samu zinariya. A halin yanzu, Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama ya iya isa real India. A daidai da wata yarjejeniya tare da Castile ya taso keya Afirka da kuma bayyana a cikin sosai tsammani kasar. Daga can sai ya kawo wa Portugal tsada da kayan yaji cewa ba samuwa a Turai. Su aka mai daraja a Premium.

The Spanish hukumomi, ganin cewa ya taka teku tseren wa makwabcin ka, ya yanke shawarar janye wani kenkenewa a kan Columbus bincike. ya kasance a cikin kewaye koma zuwa Turai.

A karo na hudu balaguro

Tarihi Hristofora Kolumba iya yi ƙare sosai mugun idan ya yi a lokacin da ta yi nasara balaguro bai samu mai yawa m abokai - magnates da gentry. Su rinjayi King Ferdinand ga mariner wata dama da kuma shiga cikin hudu tafiya.

A wannan lokaci, Columbus shawarar tafiya saboda yamma, wucewa yawa tsibirin. Sai ya bude bakin tekun na zamani Amurka ta tsakiya - Honduras da kuma Panama. Ya zama a sarari cewa Atlantic Ocean rufe wasu sararin ƙasa. Satumba 12, 1503 Columbus taba bar su bude tsibirin da kuma mayar da su zuwa Spain. Akwai ya zama tsanani da rashin lafiya.

Mutuwa da kuma darajar binciken

Daga wannan lokaci da binciken aikata wasu matuƙan, kuma ba Hristofor Kolumb. America ya zama wani maganadisu ga da yawa yawon buxe ido da kuma son su azurta kansu. Rayuwa Hristofora Kolumba, A halin yanzu, wuya cuta. Ya mutu May 20, 1506 yana da shekaru 54 da shekaru. Wannan asara ya kasance kusan kada a gane shi a Spain. The darajar binciken Columbus ya bayyana ne kawai bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, lokacin da conquistadors gano zinariya a Amurka. Wannan yarda Spain don azurta kansu, kuma domin da dama ƙarni zama mafi tasiri Turai monarchies.