Novgorod Rasha: fasali na ci gaba takaice dai, tarihi, al'adu, fasaha, da shugabanni

Kalmar "Novgorod Rus" mafi yawa ana amfani da tarihi lokacin da Novgorod ya siyasance zaman kanta, da kuma a cikin shi akwai da na da jamhuriyar. Wannan birnin da zama ƙarƙashin ƙasar zauna musamman wuri a cikin sauran Gabas Slavic mulkoki. Ga akwai da kansa ikon naúrar, al'adu, ilimi da kuma ko harshe.

The asalin 'yancin kai

Ancient Rus tashi a cikin shekara 882, bayan da Novgorod prince Oleg nasara Kiev da kuma sanya shi ya babban birnin kasar. Tun daga nan, da siyasa na tsakiya na arewa don wani lokaci ya fara wasa a sakandare rawa. Amma duk da haka, shi ne sarakuna, gwamnoni bayyana a nan, wanda sa'an nan kwace tsakiyar iko da kuma ya tafi ya ci sarauta a Kiev (Vladimir Mai girma da Yaroslav Mudry).

A halin da ake ciki canja da cika fuska a lokacin da guda Rasha jihar ya kasu kashi da yawa m mulkoki. Dukan su ne ke iko da 'yan Rurik daular. Wannan ya kai ga zargin da bacewar kungiya ta kashin mulkoki, mutunta da'awar da zubar da jini. Veliky Novgorod a kan bango na wadannan abubuwan da ma ba zai iya taimaka amma tunani game da nasu 'yancin kai.

Masana tarihi sun yarda da cewa lokaci na gwamna a kan bankunan na Volkhov share fage a 1136. Sa'an nan, bisa ga shawarar da majalisa, ya aka koro Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich, wanda ya gudu a lokacin yakin da dãko duwãtsu da dakarun Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Kiev nada karye jagoranci, da farko, ya nuna gaskiyar cewa ya aka bar ba tare da gādo, kuma abu na biyu, ya nuna gaskiyar cewa akwai mai zaman kanta Novgorod Rasha.

harkar shugabanci

An fara daga 1136, da mutane na Novgorod, ya zaɓi nasu shugabanninmu, kyalewa da agnatic yawan shekaru da kuma sauran ka'idoji na gado, soma a mafi yawan Rasha mulkoki. Muhimmanci nauyi a yanke shawara da kuma samun posadniki tysyatskiye. Waɗannan su ne manya daga cikin aristocratic iyalan da suka yi samu nasara a cikin jama'a da sabis. Su aka zabe ta majalisar.

Novgorod Rasha zai yi rai ba kullum ba tare da tysyatskogo. The mutum a cikin wannan matsayi da alhakin duk cinikayya a cikin birnin. Ya kasance a cikin lura da sulhu kotu, inda 'yan kasuwa da aka warware rigingimu, sau da yawa tare da kasashen waje. birnin da kyau-da ake dogara a kan cinikayya da Turai. Shi ya kasance da ƙofa ga dukkan Gabas Slavic yankin, inda yamma yi rare Jawo squirrels, martens, sables, da kuma sauran manyan tikitin abubuwa.

Har ila yau tysyatsky a cikin majalisar wakilci bukatun da komai a fili nobility da kuma abin da ake kira black mutane, wanda ke cike da Novgorod Rus. Sun kasance matalauta da talakawa birane mazauna ba su da wani gata. Sau da yawa, domin ya zama Posadnik (a gaskiya, magajin gari), da wasu lokaci zuwa aiki daga tysyatskim. Daga cikin XIV karni, da matsayin darajar da aka kara ya karu da cewa ta kasance da Grant aristocratic title.

al'ada

Na da al'ada Novgorod Rasha ya markedly daban-daban daga cikin al'adun da makwabta. Kimiyyar zamani sani da yawa game da shi, saboda a nan a arewa, har yanzu akwai fiye da Monuments na wani bygone zamanin. Archaeologists, masana ilimin harsuna, da binciken burbushin da kuma sauran masana kimiyya ci gaba da karatu tare da amfani da Legacy cewa bar wani Novgorod Rasha. Features na ci gaba, a takaice, sun taimaka birnin al'adu tsayawar kan daidai da yammacin Turai cibiyoyin. Wasu masu bincike ko jayayya da cewa Novgorod ne daya daga cikin cradles na Arewa Renaissance.

Mazauna na jamhuriyar mai girma connoisseurs of art. Wannan ne hujja da wani babbar dama musamman gine-gine. Mafi yawan su an kiyaye godiya ga gaskiyar cewa a nan da suka isa Mongol-Tatar hordes. Regular mamayewa steppe sau da yawa fatattakakkun Vladimir Rasha, inda ya zama dole don sake gina dukan birane. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XIII, ko manta wasu daga cikin craft saboda da mutuwa na kwararru da kuma sana'a.

Tarihi - shi ne wani sabon abu da ya bambanta da Novgorod Rasha. Features na ci gaba, a takaice, ya kai ga cewa marubuta daga cikin tarihin a cikin takardu ba kawai bayyana abubuwan da suka faru, amma kuma shãfe a kan jigo na rayuwa da mazauna da kuma waje bayyanar da birni. Wannan salon da aka ba a ta kudancin makwabta.

zanen

Fiye da rabin Rasha na da art Monuments kiyaye Novgorod ne Rasha. Features na ci gaba da janyo hankalin yankin talented artists daga duk Slavic yankunan. A kan bankunan na Volkhov suka nemi 'yanci da kuma zaman lafiya rai, domin su samu damar da nagarta sosai haifar.

Zanen Novgorod Rasha ko da ta zarce West. A Turai, majami'u a cikin Gothic da Romanesque styles kawai ado da frescoes. A Novgorod Ibada tsira da wata babbar yawan mosaics a kan daban-daban Littafi Mai Tsarki jigogi. Its Firayim tabo zanen tsira a cikin XIV karni, a lõkacin da ta mamaki ko da baƙi daga Italiya da kuma Rum.

Abin baƙin ciki, da dukan art makaranta abu da suka gabata. Ta bace bayan da Accession na Jamhuriyar zuwa Moscow. Sarakuna yi dukan abin da aka fille kansa Novgorod Rasha. Features na ci gaba arewacin Cathedrals sanya aukaka kuma mafi kyau fiye da Moscow. A daidai wannan lokaci da gida aristocracy wani m da kuma rarrabe. Duk wannan ya fusata gwamnatin tsakiya. A XV-XVI ƙarni., A karkashin daban-daban pretexts, wasu m Rikicin aka za'ayi. A mafi tsanani duka ya firgita Ivana Groznogo guardsmen. Bayan haka, Novgorod makaranta na art hankali damped kuma ya mutu.

architecture

Kazalika da zanen, gine Novgorod Rasha da aka sani na da asali dangane da Vladimir, Suzdal, Kiev, da sauransu. D. A arewa rayuwa mafi kyau da masassaƙa, da basira yi aiki tare da daban-daban na itace. Cikin Rasha Novgorod ne na farko Master da dutse a matsayin wani gini abu.

A 1044 ya bayyana Detinets, da kuma a shekara daga baya - cikin coci na Hagia Sophia. Dukkan wadannan gine-gine Masterpieces aka sanya daga dutse da kuma kiyaye wannan rana. Talent Novgorod Masters sa shi a kan gaba wajen a fagen aikin injiniya. Stone gada fadin Volkhov dogon lokaci shi ne mafi girma a Turai, da kuma ta yi aka za'ayi a kan wani musamman hanya.

Novgorod gine da aka haife matsayin kira na dama styles. Yana za a iya gano abubuwa na Turai, Byzantine da kuma Rasha style kanta. Greek tsoma suka shiga gari tare da Orthodox bangaskiya. Turai School ya dauka tushen a kasar godiya ga aiki hadin gwiwa tare da kasashen waje 'yan kasuwa da da Hanseatic League. Bayan tunawa kadan daga dukkan kõme, gida sana'a, Mun halitta nasu recognizable style. Monuments na Novgorod Rasha tsira sun fi mayar da godiya ga gaskiya cewa gine-ginen da aka gina da m kayan.

birchbark

Birch haushi, wanda ci gaba da samun zamani archaeologists ne mai babbar tsaron ɗakunan ajiya na ilimi game da rayuwa ya jagoranci Novgorod Rasha. A takaice, sun taimaka dauke da labulen halin asiri a kan bygone hanyar rayuwa da kuma halaye na nan zaune a jamhuriyar.

Sau da yawa haruffa ne masu zaman kansu haruffa da kuma kasuwanci takardun. Sun rubuta ma'amala da kuma rubuta soyayya ikirari. Archaeologists sun iya ko da samun m saƙonnin da suke na musamman Monuments na kasa da bunkasa Adabin Gargajiya.

samuwar

A gaban na sama da haruffa da shawara cewa, rubuce-rubuce da aka ɗumbin mafiya yawan mazaunanta. Shugabanni na Novgorod Rasha kokarin samar da ilimi. Alal misali, wannan shi ne inda Yaroslav Mudry bude farko makaranta, wanda kuma yake horar da kwararru Church da kuma jihar Profile.

M lambobi da Turai ciniki birane arziki boyars yarda ka tura 'ya'yansu can. An sani cewa samari da Novgorod sun kasance a cikin Italian jami'o'i na Bologna da Jamusanci Rostock.

Novgorod a XII-XIII ƙarni.

A m tarihi na Novgorod Rasha ne zuwa kashi da dama lokaci. A XII karni, wannan jamhuriyar ya sau da yawa kasance wani kashi na hujja tsakanin daban-daban Rurikovich. A dangane tsakanin kudanci da arewacin Rus har yanzu karfi, don haka a cikin Novgorod ƙasar akai-akai bayyana Kyiv, Chernihiv, kuma ko da Polovtsian sojojin.

A XIII karni shi ne Tatar-Mongol mamayewa. Taro na Batu Khan halakar da yawa garuruwa gabas da kudancin Rasha. Army makiyaya ko da za su tafi su Novgorod, amma tunani mafi alhẽri daga da shi a cikin lokaci da kuma ba su tafi ba m Torzhok, ta juya zuwa Chernigov. Wannan ya ajiye mazauna daga lalata da halaka. Duk da haka, ba ya tsere al'adar Novgorod hukumar haraji taro.

A babba adadi na tarihi na jamhuriyar lokacin da aka Alexander Nevsky. A wani lokaci a lokacin da kusan dukkan Rasha ne shẽka daga mamayewa na steppe, Novgorod ya magance wata barazana. A da Jamus Katolika soja umarni - Teutonic da Livonian. Sun bayyana a cikin Baltic Amurka da ƙarni biyu barazanar da jamhuriyar. Alexander Nevsky ci su da yaƙi a lokacin yakin na Ice a 1242. Bugu da kari, a wata shekara kafin ya ci Swedes a yakin da Neva.

Karshen Novgorod Rasha

Tare da ci gaban da Moscow sarauta na Novgorod ya daidaita tsakanin Moscow da kuma ta waje makiya. A aristocracy ba ya so ya yi biyayya ga zuriya Ivana Kality. Saboda haka Novgorod boyars kokarin kafa m dangantakar da Lithuania da kuma Poland, duk da cewa wadannan kasashe da kõme ba yi da Rasha al'ada da kuma al'umma.

A tsakiyar XV karni, Vasily II Dark iya bin doka gyara vassalage na jamhuriyar daga Moscow. Ɗansa, Ivan III so karshe cinye Novgorod. Lokacin da bẽne, ya yanke shawarar ya je ga wani rapprochement tare da Sarkin Poland, Prince na Moscow ayyana yaki m. A 1478, ya shiga Novgorod zuwa Moscow sarauta. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman matakai a samar da guda Rasha al'umma-jiha. Abin baƙin ciki, da manufofin da sarakuna da kuma sarakunan kai ga cewa tsohon Novgorod jagorancin matsayi a cinikayya, da al'adu da aka rasa a kan lokaci.