Mun kafa na Amurka-Soviet huldar diplomasiyya: halaye, tarihi da kuma sakamakon

Bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci na 1917 America ki gane gwamnati na Soviets. Mun kafa na Amurka-Soviet huldar diplomasiyya fara saboda cinikayya, wadda aka kafa a 1930. A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin daidaita hulda mallakar wakilan American kasuwanci da'irori. Sun kasance sũ ne da farko sha'awar a kafa tattalin arziki.

A tarihin huldar diplomasiyya tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet (Rasha) da kuma USA

A shekara ta 1933, 10 Oktoba, shugaban kasar Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt ya aiko da sako zuwa M. Kalinin, wanda ya sa'an nan da post na CEC shugaban. A rahoton ta gabatar don mayar da dangantakar diplomasiyya tsakaninsu. Tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka a lokacin akwai wasu bambance-bambance da cewa, bangarorin biyu nemi shawo kan. Kalinin amsa wa Roosevelt a kan 17 Oktoba. Tuni a cikin tsakiyar watan Nuwamba 1933 Maxim Litvinov, wanda shi ne kwamishinan harkokin waje, da kuma shugaban kasar Amurka musayar hukuma rubutu. Daga wannan lokacin suka fara samar da huldar diplomasiyya tsakanin USSR da Amurka. A labarin na su ci gaba a farkon matakai nuna quite wani m yanayi a tsakanin kasashen biyu. Kamar yadda na farko Soviet jakadan nada Aleksandra Troyanovskogo. A wannan lokaci ya aka quite sanannun jama'a adadi. Daga America ta farko jakadan ya Uilyam Bullit. 2 Bayan shekaru, a cikin 1935, 13 Yuli Yarjejeniyar Harkokin Cinikin aka sanya hannu tsakanin kasashen biyu. A 1937, 4 Agusta,} asashen da rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don samar da juna matsakaicin yanayin na tattalin arziki ni'ima.

WWII

A lokacin babban Patriotic War Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka na hada rayayye a matsayin mambobi ne na anti-Hitler hadaka. Kusan nan da nan bayan kai harin, da Amurka fascists yanke shawarar samar da tattalin arziki da goyon baya ga kungiyar tarayyar Soviet. A lokacin fadan, America rubuta tallace-tallace na ara-haya (leasehold). M tattaunawa a kan taimako fara a karshen watan Satumba 1941, Roosevelt ya aiko Harriman (wakilin) ya Moscow. Oktoba 1st yarjejeniya da aka rattaba hannu a kan ta farko ba a ga tarayyar Soviet for 49 days. $ 1 biliyan. A Mako guda baya, Roosevelt amince da daftarin aiki, bisa ga abin da ranta-haya mika wa Tarayyar Soviet. A watan Oktoba 1941, za mu fara da farko ba a. A farkon watan Yuni 1944 da Anglo-American teku, da kuma iska hari da aka canjawa wuri zuwa Normandy. Kamar wancan kafa biyu gaban. A karshen watan Afrilu na shekarar 1945 reshe na 58th Guards. Dakaru Division na 1st Ukrainian Front, da kuma 69th dakaru Division na sojin Amurka ya gana a kan kogin. Elbe River kusa Torgau. Mun kafa na Soviet-US huldar diplomasiyya da aka muhimmanci a magance matsalolin da suka shafi shiryar da gudanar da fadace-fadace, da kuma a cikin postwar duniya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da yakin duniya na biyu ya faru ne tsakanin shugabannin bangarori uku taro na Tarayyar Soviet, da Amurka da kuma Ingila (Nuwamba 1943 - Tehran, a watan Fabrairu 1945 - Yalta, a watan Yuli-Agusta 1945 - Potsdam).

sanyi yaki

Duk da cewa kafa na Amurka-Soviet huldar diplomasiyya suna da muhimmanci ga kasashen biyu, bayan da yaki, duniya da aka zahiri raba cikin duniyoyin da tasiri na biyu tubalan da daban-daban zamantakewa da siyasa gwamnatocin. A lokacin da Cold War. Wannan lokaci tsawon kusan shekaru 40. A wannan lokaci, NATO da kuma Warsaw yarjejeniya (da kungiyar da aka kafa ta kasashen da Warsaw yarjejeniya). Hakazalika dangantakar tsakanin USSR da kuma Amurka sun isa wani tarnaki. Fara da wani kishi ga duniyoyin da tasiri babu makawa ya kai ga fadada daga cikin soja-dabarun hadaddun a kowace jiha. Yana fara da makamai tseren. A sakamakon haka, tattalin arziki na biyu raka'a kasance a cikin wani sosai jaddada jihar.

Cuban harsashi rikicin

An dauke da mafi ban mamaki lokaci daga lokacin da Amurka na farko suka kulla dangantakar diplomasiyya tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Caribbean rikicin ya tashi a watan Oktoba 1962. A lokacin Tarayyar Soviet ya sanya Cuba a kan ta ballistic makamai masu linzami. Shi ne mai mayar da martani ga irin wannan matakai a baya dauka ta America. Amurka kafa makamai masu linzami a Italiya da kuma Turkiya. Bugu da kari, Cuba da aka karkashin barazana na mamayewa da sojojin Amurka. A mayar da martani, cikin Soviet karkashin jagorancin zuwa fama shiri na sojojin. Caribbean rikicin ba kawai jeopardize da kara kafa Soviet-US huldar diplomasiyya, amma kuma halitta da hatsarin yakin makaman nukiliya. Duk da haka, hanyar fita da aka samu ta hanyar kokari Nikity Hruscheva da Dzhona Kennedi. A rikicin da ya tilasta shugabannin kasashen gane cewa adawa jihohin iya kai ga mutuwa na dukan 'yan adam. Bayan kai wani ganiya, Cold War fara samun koma baya a hankali. Shugabannin kasashen biyu sun fara magana game da gazawar soja ginawa-up.

A lokacin da harkokin siyasa détente

Hakazalika dangantakar tsakanin USSR da West fara mai da hankali. By karshen shekarar 1960. da dama muhimmanci da yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu. A musamman, shi soma wani yarjejeniyar a kan sadarwa kai tsaye Kremlin da kuma fadar White House (1963), da Yarjejeniyar "A haramta na nukiliya gwaje-gwaje a cikin matsanancin sarari, a kan ƙasa, kuma a karkashin ruwa" (1963), "A da ka'idodinta ayyuka daga cikin kasashen a cikin bincike da kuma yin amfani da basamaniyai (ciki har da Moon), sarari "(1967)," a cikin Non-hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya "(1968). A shekarar 1970. Bayan 'yan tarurruka. A cikin shakka daga wadannan kasashe sun soma bunkasa alkawura game da al'amurran da suka shafi wadanda ba na nukiliya yaki, kwance damarar yaki da kuma rage mata dabarun makamai. Saboda haka, a shekarar 1971, shi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar matakan rage barazana daga yaki tsakanin USSR da Amurka. A shekara, jihar hannu kan takardar yarjejeniyar rage makamai masu linzami tsaro da kuma tsarin gwamnatin wucin gadi a Daftarin aiki na gishiri-1. A shekara ta 1974 ya sanya hannu a kan wata yarjejeniya a kan matakan rage boye makaman nukiliya gwaje-gwaje da kuma gishiri-2. A watan Yuli 1975, a cikin tsarin na kasa da kasa da sarari shirin da aka docked kumbon sama jannati "Soyuz" da "Apollo." Ya na farko manyan-sikelin taron na Soviet-American hadin gwiwa.

Jackson-Vanik kyautatuwa

Yana da aka soma a wannan shekara tare da sanya hannu na gishiri-2 - a shekara ta 1974. Kwaskwarima mallakar Amurka dokar "A Trade". Yana yakan haifar da ban a arziki na matsakaicin yanayin falala a kansu jihar credits da kuma tabbacin zuwa kasashen da tsanani ƙuntata ko keta hakkin jama'ar kasar da su yi hijira. Wannan tsari da farko mallakar Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin wadanda shekaru, akwai gazawa da su yi hijira daga kasar. Bayan shekarar 1985, a lokacin da suka dauka da kuma babu har zuwa ranar, da kyautatuwa ya rasa ma'anarta. Duk da haka, a hukumance shi ba a soke ta.

A farko takunkumi

Suna gabatar da Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet a dangane da gabatarwar sojojin a cikin Afghanistan a shekarar 1979, Amirka gwamnati da aka ɓullo da, "Carter Rukunai" (kamar yadda a da karfi a lokacin da shugaban sunayen). Yana hada da dama da matakan siyasa da tattalin arziki matsa lamba a kan Tarayyar Soviet da ayyukan a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama. A musamman, an gano takunkumin tattalin arziki ƙwãya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet rage Scientific, fasaha da kuma al'adu musayar. A shekarar 1980, yawancin kasashen waje kasashen kauracewa gasar Olympics a Moscow.

2009

1 ga watan Afrilu a taron na "ashirin" a London shi ne na farko sirri taro tsakanin shugaban kasar Dmitry Medvedev da kuma shugaban Amurka Barack Obama. Shugabannin musayar ra'ayoyi a kan kasa da kasa da kuma hadin ajanda, kazalika da jadawalin aiki da kuma manyan al'amurra na hadin gwiwa a cikin zuwan lokacin. By sakamakon gamuwa da shugabannin sanya wata sanarwar hadin gwiwa domin general tsarin na Amurka-Rasha dangantakar da tattaunawa a kan kara rage dabarun m makamai.