Wa? Ir? Ira da lif, kuma a lõkacin da?

Lif - na musamman da sabuwar dabara, wanda yanzu dadin mafi yawan al'ummar duniya. Wannan dagawa na'urar da aka sosai kahu sosai a rayuwar yau da kullum. Saboda haka karfi da cewa, mafi yawan mutãne ba su yi tunani game da wanda ƙirƙira da lif, da kuma lokacin da. A wannan labarin, za mu bayyana a cikin daki-daki, game da shi.

Wanda farko ƙirƙira da lif, kuma idan ta faru?

Don amsa wannan tambaya, muna bukatar mu koma zuwa Ancient Roma. Yana yana wurin, a garin Herculaneum, ya bayyana da farko samfur na lif. Tun da birni ne dake a gindin Vesuvius, ya zarar fadi wanda aka azabtar da aman wuta. A cikin rami na wani gidan archaeologists wanda sani ba daidai da wanda ya? Ir? Ira da lif, mun sami lafiya-tsare cikakken bayani game da daga, wanda aka yi amfani don ya dauke da ƙãre jita-jita daga kitchen don cin abinci dakin. Found abubuwa kwanan rana 79 shekara n. e. A lokacin da wannan lokaci da kuma Vesuvius ya barke.

Duk da haka, wasu kafofin akwai ake rubuta records na baya pre-images of lifts. Alal misali, wani m daga Roma kira Vitruvius nuna a cikin rubutun da cewa ba da umarnin ci gaba da zane na lif Archimedes na Syracuse. A rubutun kwanakin daga shekara 236 BC. e.

Faransa

A 1743 da Palace na Versailles Louis XV gina wani fasinja daga. Da na'urar da aka halitta domin dalili daya ne kawai: da monarch iya samun shi ba tare da yawa kokarin hawa zuwa sama da Apartment, inda ya farka ya rayu.

Wa? Ir? Ira da lif a Rasha?

A 1795, a St. Petersburg, a cikin farfajiyoyi da Winter Palace, shi yiwuwa a kalla kitsen bumpkin Bezborodko. A Chancellor ya a sabon abu ga kanta daukaka da kuma tashin hankali. Yana daga baya ya haifar da Bezborodko "ya tuɓe" a cikin "samopodomnom kujera" a cikin sarki Apartments. Kamar shi ne a samfur na na'urar, wanda shi ne batun wannan labarin.

Wannan kiwata istinbadi tambaya: "Wa? Ir? Ira da lif a Rasha?" Yana an yi fice a kirkiro Ivan Kulibin. Its dagawa inji gudu da daya ko mutane biyu: domin gubar dunƙule, wanda aka shigar tsaye, matsar da musamman kwayoyi, hawa a dandali taksi. Wannan na'urar ya zama fi so abin shagala kawai na fada bãyinSa, kuma high jami'ai. Bar Kulibina shi ne na farko fasinja lif, gina a Rasha Empire.

Amerika da Birtaniya

A 1800 a matsayin drive to dauke da farko yi amfani da tururi engine. Haka ya faru a Amurka a daya daga cikin wuraren hako ma'adinai, inda mined kwal. Ta mai da sauri gane cewa yin amfani da tururi engine a sau zai ƙara gudun ci Yunƙurin da muhimmanci ƙara yadda ya dace da samar. Tun wannan lokacin, da zamanin kasuwar aiki na lif. A tattalin arziki sharuddan, amfani da lifts zama riba. Tuni a 1835 da masana'antu da kamfanonin da Ingila suka fara amfani da tururi sufurin kaya lif.

na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa daga

Amma sabon na'urorin da daya tsanani drawback. Yana da ya wajaba a kai a kai kula da aiki na tururi engine. Yana bai halitta wani matsaloli a mahakar, inda da lif aka yi amfani da kullum. Amma a cikin na al'ada, inda daga aka sarrafa sporadically, saboda wannan dalilin, akwai mai yawa na rashin jin dadin. Kuma a gidãjensu, ba saita tururi lifts saboda su wuce kima amo. Sashe na daga cikin matsalar da aka warware a 1845. American kirkiro Vilyam Tompson ƙirƙira farko na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa daga. Its zane ma ba drawbacks, kamar yadda ake bukata a cikin ruwa matsa lamba Madogararsa. Don yin wannan, a sake yin amfani da wani tururi engine. Kawai yanzu shi za a iya positioned mugun daga lif shigarwa shafin. A ruwa da kanta ciyar a karkashin babban matsin ta hanyar bututun. Duk da yake a yawan birane sun riga sun yi amfani da Karkasa tsarin samar da ruwa. Amma saboda da low matsa lamba ba ya wuce 0,38 MPa, sun kasance m for lifts Thompson.

inganta zane

A 1851, William Armstrong (m) ƙirƙira na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa accumulator. Wannan na'urar ta ƙara da kuma bayar a karkashin gaba da matsa lamba samar da ruwa ga Silinda. baturi zane ya sauki. A tsaye Silinda (plunger diamita - 40-45 santimita) na karfe goyon akwatin cike da tsakuwa ko duwatsu. A gaskiya, a cikin riser Armstrong ya samu halartar duk key aka gyara na wani zamani na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa lif. Wannan accumulator da multiplier, da kuma na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa Silinda plunger irin. Turai injiniyoyi sun kafa kansu ne kawai daya aiki. Sai suka yanke shawarar inganta zane na lifts da plunger Silinda kai tsaye mataki. A farko wannan daga bayyana a 1849 a Ingila. Yana da aka kafa a cikin "Osmaston gidan gona." Amma da tsakiyar 60s a na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa na fasinja daga fara amfani da dukan manyan hotel-hotel na Ingila.

Safe yanayin da kai

Kuma a nan muna zo da amsa ga wannan tambaya "Wa? Ir? Ira da lif zuwa 18th karni?" Elisha kaburbura Otis - shi ke da sunan m. Shi ya je sama tare da safest daga cikin duniya. A lokacin rayuwarsa, American canza mai yawa fasahohin: gina karusai, aiki a sawmill, wani laborer, bauta a kan furniture factory. A nan ne sai aka bukaci ya yi daga tsĩrar da kaya maras amfani ga hawa na biyu. Duk da yake aiki a kan wannan shiri da kuma kaburbura je sama tare da sabuwar dabara.

Kafin Otis igiya lazimta kai tsaye zuwa Matuka jirgin, kuma shi ya ba Elisha da wani resilient karfe farantin-spring. A kowane gefe na daga kirkiro sa tara reluwe. Ko a karkashin nauyin wani komai a dandali spring kanta ne sauki shin da aka gudanar tsakanin su. Idan wata igiya da aka yanke, da spring aka mike da kuma burinsu makale a cikin hakora na reluwe, ba bar fall gida. Duk wanda ya? Ir? Ira da lif wa Elisha, har ma ba zai iya mafarki da irin wannan tsaro tsarin.

"Otis lif"

Ba da da ewa kaburbura bude kamfanin Otis lif. Sale dage da ya kira safest lifts a duniya. A 1854, don kara tallace-tallace na da kayayyakin, Otis ƙirƙira gimmick. A New York, daya daga cikin nuni dakunan da wani babban Dome (12 mita), da kirkiro sanya tsakanin biyu goyon bayan dagawa dandali. A saman tsarin da aka mataimakin Otis tare da dogon takobi. Sam kaburbura a saman hat da tuxedo ya kan dandamali daga kwalaye da kuma ganga. Lokacin da lif ta wajen wani tururi engine tashi zuwa saman, da Elisha tawagar mataimakin sara kashe da igiya. A dandamali fãɗi, amma bayan kamar wata mita daga m screech wuta kayan aiki da kuma tsayawa ta. The masu sauraro yaba da tafi wanda suka qirqiro da lif. Elisha kaburbura Otis harbe Silinda da kuma rusuna a duk inda.

Electric daga

Lokaci ya wuce, da kuma gina inganta lif. A 1887, A. Miles of America samu wani lamban kira ga wani lantarki hawa. A sabon zane da wata ƙofar kulle tsarin na mine a taron na rashi daga Matuka jirgin kasa.

A 1889 godu Otis lif taru na farko daga wannan irin a daya daga cikin New York skyscrapers. Daga wannan lokaci ya tafi da baza lantarki lifts a kowane birni na duniya. Bugu da ari ƙirƙirãwa a fagen lifts damu yafi sabis aiki da kai da kuma kula da tsarin. Ga sosai farko aiki na lifts ake bukata wani m ma'aikata (a kan wajibi a kan benaye lifter a Matuka jirgin na tururi engine m). Amma da farkon na XX karni shi da aka bukata daya kawai lifter da daya lantarki ga dama mahakar a cikin ginin. Domin duk da haka wani bidi'a hada da gabatarwar kayan. Yanzu ado a ta lifter zama key adadi na ma'aikatan a kowane hotel a wancan lokacin. A 1924, kamfanin "Otis lif" Ya halitta a tsarin na lif kira ta latsa maɓallin. Bayan shekaru biyu, injiniya Houghton ƙirƙira atomatik kofofin. Bayyana na'urar zai sanya aiki da kai da lif kuma ƙwarai rage wuya da goyon baya.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, a yanzu ku san wanda ƙirƙira da lif, da kuma lokacin da. Mun gano juyin halitta daga wannan na'urar daga tsufa wa yau. Abin da ke gaba? Yadda injiniyoyi ganin daga na gaba? Shi ne wasu da cewa shi za a yi sauri, atomatik kuma amintattu. Kuma watakila ma a sarari!