Mikhail Zoshchenko: rai, kerawa. Stories yara

Zoshchenko Mikhail Mikhailovich, sanannen Rasha marubuci kuma marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, aka haife shi a 1894, ranar 29 ga Yuli (a cewar wasu kafofin, a 1895), St. Petersburg. Mahaifinsa wani itinerant artist, kuma uwarsa - wani actress. Da farko za mu yi magana game da yadda akwai rayuwar wani marubuci, Mikhail Zoshchenko. Biography bayar a kasa ya bayyana babban events ransa. Magana game da su, za mu juya ga bayanin Mikhail Mikhailovich.

Ilimi a dakin motsa jiki da kuma a cikin St. Petersburg Institute

Iyaye a 1903, ba dansa ya yi nazarin a St. Petersburg makaranta yawan 8. Michael Zoshchenko, wanda biography za a iya sake ƙirƙirarsu ciki har da a kan tushen da nasa tunanin da ayyukansu, kuma ya gaya game da wadanda shekaru, ya lura da cewa ya koya quite sharri, musamman a Rasha harshe. Domin rubuta jarrabawa, ya samu daya. Duk da haka, Mikhail Notes cewa ko da a wancan lokacin ya so ya zama wani marubuci. Amma duk da haka ne dõmin kansa kawai samar da Mikhail Zoshchenko labaru da waqe.

Rayuwa wani lokacin paradoxical. Fara composing a shekara tara, nan gaba shahara marubuci - mafi laggard a aji dalibi na Rasha harshen! Underachievement ya zama kamar ma m zuwa gare shi. Zoschenko Mihail Mihaylovich Notes cewa a wannan lokacin ko da ya so ya kashe kansa. Duk da haka, makomar shi da aka adana.

Bayan samun digiri a 1913, a nan gaba marubuci ya tafi a kan karatu a St. Petersburg University, Faculty of Law. Bayan shekara da ba biya koyarwa kudade, ya aka fitar daga can. Zoshchenko ya je aiki. Ya fara aiki a kan Caucasian Railway hanya mai duba.

wartime

Na yau da kullum rayuwar da aka katse yakin duniya na farko. Michael yanke shawarar enlist a cikin soja. Da farko ya zama ɗan jam'iyyar kadet soja kurum marar kuma ya tafi Pavlovsk Soja School, sa'an nan ya kammala karatunsa daga watanni hudu m Darussan, suka tafi wajen ƙofar.

Zoshchenko ambata cewa yana da wani m sentiments, ya kamar ba zai iya zama dogon a wuri guda. A sabis, duk da haka, Mikhail zira kwallaye. Ya kasance mai takara a yaƙe, ya aka gassed, suka ji rauni. Fara shiga a fa] a da daraja na ensign, Zoshchenko riga kyaftin aka sallame su da ajiye (dalilin - sakamakon gas mai guba). Bugu da kari, ya aka bayar da lambar yabo 4 ga Soja yabo.

Koma Petrograd

Mikhail, koma zuwa Petrograd, ya gana da VV-Kerbits Kerbitskoy, ya nan gaba matarsa. Bayan da Fabrairu juyin juya halin Zoshchenko aka nada a matsayin shugaban gidan waya da kuma mail, kazalika da kwamandan na Main Post Office. Next ya tafiya zuwa Arkhangelsk, aikin adjutant birged, kazalika da zaben na Mikhail Mikhailovich sakatarorin regimental kotu.

Sabis a cikin Red Army

Duk da haka, da m rayuwa ne katse sake - wannan lokaci da juyin juya halin da kuma tarzomar da yakin basasa. Mikhail Mikhailovich aika zuwa gaban. Kamar yadda wani wanda ya ba da kansa, sai ya shiga Red Army (a cikin Janairu 1919). Yana hidima a matsayin regimental adjutant na rajimanti na karkara. Zoshchenko da hannu a cikin fadace-fadace na Narva da Yamburg da Bulak-Balakhovich. Bayan wani ciwon zuciya, Mikhail Mikhailovich yi demobilize da kuma komawa zuwa Petrograd.

Zoshchenko a cikin lokaci daga 1918 zuwa 1921 aka maye gurbinsu da wani taron na ayyuka. Bisani, ya rubuta cewa ya yi kokarin hannunsa a game 10-12 cinikai. Ya yi aiki da wani dan sanda, da kuma kafinta, kuma shoemaker, da kuma wakili daga cikin manyan laifuka sashen binciken.

Rayuwa a lumana shekaru

Marubuci a Janairu 1920, yana tsira daga mutuwa cikin mahaifiyarsa. A wannan shekara ya aure to sun hada da Kerbits-Kerbitskoy. Tare da shi, sai ya motsa a kan titi. B. Zelenin. The iyali Zoschenko dan Valery aka haife shi a watan Mayu 1922. Mikhail Mikhailovich a 1930 seconded tare da wata tawagar da marubuta da Baltic masana'antar ƙera jiragen ruwa.

A lokacin yakin duniya na II

Mikhail Zoshchenko a farkon yakin rubuta wata sanarwa, inda ya ro zuwa shiga da shi a cikin Red Army. Duk da haka, shi ne hana - shi ne gane kamar yadda m ga aikin soja. Zoshchenko da a gudanar da wata zanga-farkisanci ayyukan su ne ba a fagen yaƙi. Yana halitta wani anti-yaki satirical articles da kuma buga su a cikin jaridar, ka aika zuwa Radio. A 1941, a watan Oktoba, ya kwashe su Alma-Ata, da kuma wata daya daga bisani ya zama wani ma'aikaci na "Mosfilm", aiki a cikin studio labari sashen.

tsananta

Zoshchenko a 1943 kirã su zuwa ga Moscow. Wurin ne ya miƙa su dauki matsayi na "kada" edita. Duk da haka, Mikhail ki yarda da tayin. Duk da haka, shi ne memba na Editorial kwamitin "kada". Outwardly, duk abin da ya dubi da kyau. Amma bayan wani lokaci a kan shugaban Mikhail fara ƙara thicken girgije: shi an cire daga Editorial jirgin, ana fitina daga hotels, hana abinci raba abinci. Ci gaba tsananta. Tikhonov N. S. a kan SSP plenum ko da hari Zoshchenko labarin "Kafin Fitowar." Marubuci kusan ba a buga ba, amma har yanzu gabatar a shekarar 1946 da Editorial jirgin na "taurari."

14 ga watan Agusta, 1946 - da apotheosis na dukan twists kuma ya jũya. Yana nan ya fita da shawarar da kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU (b) na cikin mujallolin "Leningrad" da "Star". Bayan da cewa Zoshchenko fitar daga cikin Writers 'Union, kazalika da hana abinci cards. A wannan lokaci da dalilin da hare-haren da aka quite bai isa a kula - a yara labarin Zoshchenko kira "The Kasadar da wani biri." All mujallu, bugu gidajen sinimomi, kuma bayan umurnin soke kwangila ya kammala da su a baya, da wuya su dawo da ci gaba biya. Family Zoschenko bala'i. Ta aka tilasta su zauna a cikin Saide daga sayar da sirri mallakarmu kudi. A marubuci yayi kokarin yin ƙungiya taimakon masana yin takalma. Rabon abinci katin ya ƙarshe koma. Bugu da kari, Michael Zoshchenko wallafa labaru da kuma satires (lalle ba duk). Duk da haka, don yin rayuwa a wannan lokaci wajibi ne a babban translation aiki.

Mikhail Zoshchenko kulawa warke kawai a cikin Writers 'Union bayan Stalin ta mutuwa. A gagarumin taron faruwa Yuni 23, 1953 - da marubuci sake-shigar da Union. Duk da haka, wannan ba karshen. Mikhail Mikhailovich taƙaice nasara wannan lokaci zauna memba.

May 5, 1954 da aka mai banrazana taron. Anna Akhmatova, kuma ya aka kira su zuwa wannan rana, a cikin Haikalin da marubuci, wanda ya kamata ya yi wata ganawa tare da wani rukuni na Turanci dalibai. Marubuci a kan shi ya bayyana a fili rashin jituwa tare da zargin da kaddamar da shi. Wani sabon mataki na dama ya zo bayan wannan. Duk wadannan matsaloli sun zai shafi kasawa kiwon lafiya. Da aka buga Satumba 7, 1953 labarin "The facts bijirar da gaskiya" shi ne na karshe rauno. da marubuci sunan sa'an nan bai daina aka ambata. Game da watanni biyu shi dade abu wulakantacce. Duk da haka, Mikhail Mikhailovich a watan Nuwamba tayin hadin gwiwa biyu mujallu - "Leningrad Almanac" da "kada". A dukan rukuni na marubuta yakan to ya kāre: Chukovsky, Kaverin, Sun. Ivanov, Tikhonov. A shekarar 1957, a watan Disamba, ya saki "zaba labaru da kuma litattafan 1923-1956 gg.". Duk da haka, da jiki da hankulansu jihar na marubuci ne samun muni. A kaifi dakushe ya ikokin faruwa ga spring 1958 Zoshchenko hasarar sha'awa a rayuwa.

mutuwa Zoschenko

Yuli 22, 1958 ya rasu Mikhail Zoshchenko. Ko bayan mutuwar jikinsa da aka hõre wulãkanci: shi aka ba izni ga binne shi ne a Birnin Leningrad. Tokar marubuci ya ta'allaka ne a Sestroretsk.

Mikhail Zoshchenko labarin wanda rayuwarsa aka kishin kashi na farko na wannan labarin, bar wani babban m al'adunmu. HanyarSa a matsayin marubuci ya ba da sauki. Mun bayar ga samun Masana yadda samo asali ta m take. Bugu da kari, za ka koyi abin da sanya Michael Zoshchenko labarai ga yara da kuma abin da suke su halaye.

m hanya

Zoshchenko rayayye fara rubuta bayan ya aka demobilized a 1919. Da farko gwaje-gwajen sun wallafe-wallafen-m articles. The "Petersburg Almanac" farko da labarin bayyana a cikin 1921.

Serapion 'yan'uwa

The kungiyar da ake kira "Serapion Brothers" Zoshchenko jagoranci a 1921 da marmarin in zama kwararren marubuci. Wannan rukuni na m hali na zargi, duk da haka, ya nuna cewa, daga gare su, Zoshchenko - "mafi iko" adadi. Mikhail Slonimsky bauta tare da tsakiyar sulusi da murabba'i, wanda aka hakikance ga imani da cewa ya kamata koya daga Rasha hadisin - Lermontov, litattafan Gogol, Pushkin. Zoshchenko tsoron a cikin adabi "daraja sabuntawa," in ji Alexander Blok "Knight na baƙin ciki yardar" da kuma sanya ya fãtan a cikin adabi da ciwon da jaruntakar pathos. A "Alcon" a watan Mayu 1922, ya zo na farko Almanac Serapions, wanda aka buga a labarin da Mikhail Mikhailovich. A "Stories Nazar Ilyich, Mr. Bluebelly" - wani littafin da ya zama na farko m ɗaba'ar.

Halaye na farkon kerawa

Makaranta A. P. Chehova ya palpable a farkon ayyukan Zoshchenko. Wannan, misali, labarai, kamar "Fish mace", "War", "love" da sauransu. Duk da haka, ya zarar ƙaryata shi. Zoshchenko dauke saba da bukatun na zamani mai karatu mai girma nau'i na Chekhov ta short labaru. Ya so ya yi wasa a cikin harshen "ginin kalma tituna ... mutane." Zoshchenko dauke da kaina da wani mutum wanda dan lokaci ya sauya proletarian marubuci.

A babban rukuni na marubuta a 1927 halitta a gama bayyanawa. A ta sabon adabi da kuma ado matsayin da aka alama. Zoshchenko kasance cikin wadanda suka sanya hannu a kan shi. Ya buga a wannan lokacin a cikin periodicals (yafi a cikin satirical mujallar "laughers", "Hippo", "Freak," "Buzoter", "Amanita", "Sufeto Janar" da sauransu.). Duk da haka, ba kome tafi smoothly. Saboda short labarin "The m labarin" M.Zoshchenko wai "siyasa cutarwa" kwace a watan Yuni 1927 na mujallar "Hippo" da lambar. A hankali shi za'ayi da tsiyacewa na da irin wannan wallafe. A Birnin Leningrad, a 1930 aka rufe da "Sufeto", da karshen wata satirical mujallar. Duk da haka, Mikhail bai daina kuma yanke shawara don ci gaba da aiki.

Bangarorin biyu na daraja

Daga cikin mujallar "kada" ya collaborates tun 1932. A wannan lokaci, Mikhail Zoshchenko tara kaya, saboda littafinsa mai taken "The Return of matasa", kazalika da wallafe-wallafen karatu a magani, psychoanalysis da Physiology. Ayyukansa suna riga da aka sani, ko a kasashen yamma. Duk da haka, da daraja na wannan wani downside. A Jamus a shekara ta 1933, Zoshchenko littattafai fallasa daidai da Hitler ta jama'a blacklist motoci.

sabon ayyukansu

A Tarayyar Soviet, a lokaci guda shi ne buga da kuma sanya a kan mataki comedy Michael Zoshchenko "Al'adu Heritage". "Blue Littafi", daya daga cikin mafi shahara a cikin littattafan, da aka buga farko a 1934. Bugu da kari a litattafan, short labaru da kuma taka Zoshchenko kuma rubuta satires da kuma tarihi litattafan ( "Taras Shevchenko", "Kerensky", "azãbar rãmuwa," "Black Prince", da dai sauransu). Bugu da kari, shi halitta labarai ga yara ( "Smart Animals", "Labari Kaka Gift", "Kirsimeti itace", da dai sauransu).

Labaru na yara Zoshchenko

Mikhail Zoshchenko ya rubuta da yawa yara labaru. Su aka buga a cikin lokaci daga 1937 zuwa 1945. Daga cikin wadannan, wasu sun mutum ayyukansu, yayin da wasu da aka sõyayya a hawan keke. Da'ira "Lola da Minka" tana da cikin mafi girma da shahararsa.

A 1939 - 1940. Mikhail Zoshchenko halitta wannan jerin ayyuka. Its tsarin haka labarun hada da: "Golden kalmomi," "mai matafiya", "Gano", "Shekaru talatin," "Kada ku kwanta", "galoshes da ice cream," "Labari Kaka ta Gift", "Kirsimeti itace". Ba ta samu damar gama su a cikin guda sake zagayowar, Mikhail Zoshchenko. An nata, lallai wadannan kayayyakin take kaiwa zuwa Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa suna da wani abu da na kowa, wato hotunan na leoyan. Yana a kananan Minka da Lola, 'yar'uwarsa.

da labarin ne daga riwayan ta fuska. Siffarta ne babu kasa ban sha'awa fiye da heroes of labarai Mihaila Zoschenko. Wannan ne ya fara tasawa wanda ya ambaci umarni da comic aukuwa tun yana karami. Ka lura da cewa tsakanin marubuci da ya riwaito da kamance (ko da sunan ne guda, kuma akwai nuni da marubuci ta sana'a). Har cikakken daidaituwa duk da haka ba ya isa. da ya riwaito shi ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga marubucin. Wannan nau'i ne da ake kira adabi labari labari. Ya kasance musamman dacewa a cikin adabi na Tarayyar Soviet 20-30-ies. A wannan lokaci, da dukan al'adu da aka daban-daban propensity ga stylistic da rabe-experimentation.

A wadannan labaru, kamar yadda muka gani da S. Ya. Marshak, marubucin ba kawai boyewa a halin kirki. Ya yi magana akan shi tare da duk kirki a cikin rubutu, da kuma wani lokacin a cikin suna ayyuka ( "Kada karya"). Duk da haka, a cikin labarun da wannan ba ya zama didactic. Su ceton dara, ko da yaushe m, kuma musamman tsanani, muhimmi Zoshchenko. A zuciya na m dara na Mikhail Mikhailovich ne a witty parody.

Yau mafi mashahuri ne da yawa ayyukan da aka rubuta da Mikhail Zoshchenko. Littattafan suna a cikin makaranta, suna ƙaunar da yara da kuma manya. The hanyar da adabi ya ba da sauki, kamar yadda, lalle ne, da kuma al'adar da yawa wasu marubuta da kuma kasida na Soviet zamanin. Karni na ashirin - mai wuya lokaci a cikin tarihi, amma ko da a lokacin yaki da shekaru akwai lokatan da dama ayyukan da suka zama litattafansu na Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Biography of babban marubuci Mikhail Zoshchenko, a takaice na mu bege, sa ka sha'awa a cikin aikinsa.