Mene ne ammonia? Formula dũkiyarsu da kuma ammonia

Ammonia - fili shi ne wani muhimmin tushen nitrogen ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, kuma sun samu aikace-aikace a cikin daban-daban da masana'antu. Abin da aka ammonia, abin da suke da kaddarorin? Bari mu fuskanci shi.

Mene ne ammonia: na asali halaye

Ammonia (nitride wuriyar) - fili na nitrogen da hydrogen, da ciwon da sinadaran dabara NH _3. A siffar da kwayoyin yayi kama da trigonal dala, da kokuwa na wanda yake shi ne nitrogen zarra.

Ammonia ne a gas da ciwon ba launi, amma da ciwon musamman kaifi wari. ammonia yawa ne kusan biyu sau kasa da yawa daga iska. A zazzabi na 15 ^o C shi ne 0,73 kg / m ^3. Yawa daga ruwa ammonia a karkashin al'ada yanayi ne 686 kg / m ^3. A kwayoyin nauyi na abu - 17.2 g / mole. A rarrabe ammonia ne ta high solubility a ruwa. Saboda haka, a zazzabi of 0 ° C da shi ya kai wani darajar game da 1200 da kundin a wani juz'i na ruwa a 20 ° C - 700 kundin. A bayani na "ammonia - ruwa" (ammonia ruwa) yana da dan kadan alkaline dauki da kuma fairly musamman dukiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran alkalis: tare da kara maida hankali yawa da aka rage.

Yadda za a samar da ammonia?

Mene ne ammonia a jikin mutum? Shi ne karshen samfurin na nitrogen metabolism. A babban ɓangare na hanta maida urea (carbamide) - kasa mai guba abu.

Ammonia a yanayi kafa ta bazuwar na gudanar da mahadi dauke da nitrogen. Don amfani a cikin masana'antu ne mai abu samu synthetically.

Shiri na ammonia a masana'antu da kuma awon yanayi

Industrially ammonia samar da catalytic kira daga nitrogen da hydrogen:

N ₂ + 3H ₂ → 2NH3 + Q.

Kan aiwatar da samun da abu ne da za'ayi a zazzabi na 500 ° C da kuma matsa lamba na 350 ATM. Kamar yadda amfani da porous baƙin ƙarfe mai kara kuzari. A sakamakon ammonia an cire ta sanyaya. Nitrogen da hydrogen wanda bai amsa ake mayar da kira.

Karkashin awon yanayi, ammonia da aka shirya da gaske da rauni dumama cakuda kunsha na ammonium chloride da hydrated lemun tsami:

2NH ₄ CL + Ca (OH) ₂ → CaCl ₂ + 2NH ₃ ↑ + 2h ₂ O.

Shirye for draining fili an shige ta hanyar cakuda lemun tsami da kuma sodium hydroxide. Isa bushe ammonia za a iya shirya ta rushe sodium karfe a cikinta, kuma m barasan.

Ina ammonia da ake amfani?

hydrogen nitride ne yadu amfani a cikin daban-daban da masana'antu. Babbar yawa da shi ana amfani da samar da nitric acid da kuma daban-daban takin (urea, ammonium nitrate, da dai sauransu), polymers, hydrocyanic acid, sodium, ammonium salts, da kuma sauran iri sinadaran samar.

A haske masana'antu Properties na ammonia amfani ga tsaftacewa da kuma batawa, irin yadudduka a matsayin siliki, ulu da auduga. A karfe masana'antu, shi da ake amfani da su kara taurin karfe da jikewa da surface yadudduka da nitrogen. A petrochemical masana'antu ta amfani da hydrogen nitride neutralized acidic tõzarta.

Saboda su thermodynamic Properties, ruwa ammonia da ake amfani da matsayin refrigerant a refrigeration kayan aiki.

A bayani na hydrogen nitride (ammonia) da ake amfani a magani domin karbo daga syncope, amai ruri, domin lura da likita ma'aikatan hannuwa, cizon kwari, da sauransu.

Wasu sinadaran Properties na ammonia

Nitride hydrogen halin da mun gwada da babban sinadaran aiki da kuma iya amsa tare da da yawa abubuwa.

Lokacin da ammonia reacts tare acid don ya ba da m ammonium gishiri. Saboda haka, misali, ta dauki tare da nitric acid da aka kafa ammonium nitrate :

NH ₃ + HNO ₃ → NH ₄ NO _3.

Lokacin da hulda tare da HCI kafa ammonium chloride:

NH ₃ + HCI → NH ₄ CL.

Ammonium salts ne m crystalline abubuwa, saki a ruwa da kuma ciwon da kaddarorin muhimmi zuwa karfe salts. Solutions na mahadi kafa ta dauki na ammonia da karfi acid da dan kadan acid dauki.

Saboda da nitrogen zarra ne mai aiki hydrogen nitride reductant. Rage kaddarorin ta bayyana a lokacin da ya kona. Lokacin da kone a wani oxygen yanayi, shi Forms wani nitrogen da water. A gaban catalysts maida martani tare da oxygen samar da wani nitrogen oxide. Nitride hydrogen yana da ikon mai da karafa daga oxides.

Halides ta dauki tare da ammonia ta samar da nitrogen halides - m nakiyoyi. By dauki tare da carboxylic acid da kuma su Kalam nitride hydrogen form amides. A halayen da kwal (a 1000 ° C) da methane da shi ba prussic acid.

Tun da karfe ions kafa amino gidaje, ammonia, ammoniates ko (hadaddun fili) da ciwon halayyar alama: da nitrogen zarra ne ko da yaushe bonded zuwa uku hydrogen atoms. A sakamakon hadadden canje-canje kala abubuwa. Saboda haka, misali, blue bayani na jan karfe sulphate da Bugu da kari hydrogen nitride yakan mallaki wani tsanani blue-m launi. Mutane da yawa daga cikin amino gidaje mallaka isa kwanciyar hankali. Saboda wannan da suka za a iya shirya a m form.

The ruwa ammonia ne da narkewa biyu ionic da kuma wadanda ba na iyakacin duniya kwayoyin da inorganic mahadi.

dubagari halaye

Ammonia nasa ne na huɗu aji na Hazard. Matsakaicin canja iyakar daya-lokaci maida hankali (MAC) a cikin iska ƙauyuka ne 0.2 MG / m ^3, da talakawan - 0,04. A cikin aiki zone iska ammonia content kada ta kasance mafi girma fiye da 20 MG / m³. A irin wannan yawa wari abu ba ji. Kafaffen mutum olfaction shi zai fara a 37 MG / m³. Wannan shi ne, idan ammonia wari ji, wanda ke nufin cewa halatta iyaka Airborne binciken muhimmanci wuce.

A sakamako a kan jikin mutum

Mene ne ammonia cikin sharuddan mutum daukan hotuna? Yana toxicant. Yana nufin wani abu iya exerting gagarumin kuma neurotropic mataki, inhalation guba wanda zai iya kai ga huhu edema da kuma lalacewar da juyayi tsarin.

Ammonia vapors irritating sakamako a kan fata, mucous membranes da idanu da kuma na numfashi gabobin. A taro na abu a wadda bayyana makogwaro hangula, shi ne 280 MG da cc. mita ido - 490 MG da cubic mita. mita. Dangane da adadin hydrogen a cikin iska nitride iya faruwa ciwon makogwaro, wahala numfashi, tari, ido zafi, wuce kima lacrimation, sunadarai kuna da cornea, hangen nesa da hasãra. Lokacin da abun ciki na ammonia na 1.5 g ta cu. mita awa mai guba na huhu edema tasowa. Ga lamba na ruwa ammonia da mafita (a high yawa) daga yiwu fata redness, itching, kona, kuma dermatitis. Tun liquefied nitride wuriyar garwaya da zafi a lokacin danshin ne yiwu frostbite sãɓãwar launukansa digiri.

ammonia guba Alamun

A guba data toxicant iya haifar da wata rage a ji bakin kofa, tashin zuciya, juwa ko jiri, ciwon kai, da sauransu. Akwai canje-canje a hali, musamman karfi agitation, delirium. Bayyanuwar cututtuka a wasu lokuta ne intermittent. Suna iya daina domin a yayin da kuma sa'an nan a koma tare da sabunta kuzari.

Shan la'akari duk yiwu sakamakon na daukan hotuna zuwa ammonia, yana da muhimmanci a yi sauna lõkacin da aiki tare da abu da kuma ba su ƙetare taro a cikin iska.