Nitric acid a cikin masana'antu: fasaha, matakai, siffofin

Nitric acid - daga mafi mashahuri iri masana'antu albarkatun kasa. Da samar da za a iya yi a hanyoyi daban-daban - dangane da abin da iri acid dole ne a tsĩrar da abokin ciniki. Mene ne jigon da dacewa da fasahar? Ta yaya suka shafi nau'in fitarwa a nitric acid shuka?

Masana'antu samar da nitric acid: tarihin fasahar

Da farko, shi zai zama da amfani a nazarin tarihin asali game da yadda za a ci gaba da samar da nitric acid a Rasha. A cikin gida masana'antu a saki da abu, idan muka bi samuwa bayanai, da aka qaddamar a karkashin Peter I. Daga baya, M. V. Lomonosovym samarwa a hanyar samar da nitric acid daga nitrate - abu ne a gaskiya har sai farkon karni na 20th aka dauke da babban albarkatun kasa domin samar da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya.

Tare da nitrate, nitric acid samar aka za'ayi a cikin masana'antu da sulfuric acid. Biyu dauke da abubuwa hulda, kafa nitric acid da sulfuric sodium oxide. A amfani da wannan hanya shi ne ikon samu nitric acid a maida hankali game da 96-98% (dauka da yin amfani da albarkatun kasa da ake bukata quality).

Dace fasahar inganta isasshe aiki - a cikin ni'imar da kara albarkatun kasa aiki kudi da kuma samar da ya fi girma girma na samfurin fitarwa. Amma shi hankali ba hanya zuwa ga ra'ayi a kan abin da samar da nitric acid da aka za'ayi da lamba na ammonia hadawan abu da iskar shaka.

Har ila yau, ya ƙirƙira Hanyar da wanda a matsayin babban albarkatun kasa domin samar da acid amfani nitric oxide samar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin daidai baka gas daga yanayi. Yana gudanar da view, bisa ga abin da farko hanya - a mafi tattalin arziki da riba.

Tare da ci gaba na fasaha kusance su saki nitric acid kafa m, bisa ga abin da mafi kyau zaɓi na samar da abu - hannu na masana'antu kayayyakin more rayuwa, aiki a dagagge matsa lamba. An madadin to shi - samar da acid a yanayi matsa lamba, wanda aka dauke su kasa kudin-tasiri daga wani tattalin arziki bisa.

Release of abu a al'ada ko dagagge matsa lamba bayar da shawarar samar da nitric acid daga ammonia. Akwai kuma hada hanya, wanda hadawa da abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin sauran biyu. Properties na nitric acid hada Hanyar ne, da farko, a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ammonia a yanayi matsa lamba, da kuma aiwatar da ta sha - idan dagagge.

Ammonia ne yanzu dauke da babban albarkatun kasa domin samar da abubuwa a cikin tambaya, tare da ruwa da kuma na yanayi iska. Bari mu yi nazarin bayani dalla-dalla na su yi amfani da a samar da karin acid.

Raw Materials for samar da nitric acid

Saboda haka, babban raw kayan amfani a samar da abu karkashin shawara - shi ne ammonia, iska, da kuma ruwa.

Wannan na bukatar yin amfani da ammonia a tsarkake form. Domin wannan, ya a cikin daban-daban samarwa hawan keke da aka tsabtace a wani musamman danshin da barasan kayan aiki. Hakazalika, sa'ad da a saki nitric acid kamata a yi amfani da tsabta iska. Ya kuma an tace yin amfani da musamman kayan aiki. Bi da bi, da ruwa da aka yi amfani a cikin saki na nitric acid, tsabtace na impurities kuma salts. A lokuta da dama, don abu a tambaya wajibi ne in yi amfani da m condensate.

Bari mu yi nazarin a cikin abin da jinsunan da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya za a iya wakilta, da kuma hanya a cikin abin da kowane irin nitric acid.

Iri na nitric acid da kuma asali matakai na samar

Akwai biyu irin nitric acid samar a cikin zamani na masana'antu shuke-shuke - tsarma da kuma mayar da hankali. Production na tsarma nitric acid ne da za'ayi a cikin 3 babban matakai:

• ammonia hira (ta karshe samfurin - nitric oxide).
• da samun nitrogen dioxide .
• aiwatar sha na nitrogen oxides ta yin amfani da ruwa.

A zamani da masana'antu shuke-shuke rarraba edition na tsarma nitric acid a cikin abin da ake kira makirci na AK-72. Amma akwai, ba shakka, da sauran fasahar saki da abu.

Bi da bi, a samar da mayar da hankali nitric acid za a iya Madĩna da kiwon da abun ciki na dũkiyõyinsu a diluted nau'i ko ta kai tsaye kira. Na farko hanya yawanci damar zuwa samu acid bayani a game da 68% taro, wanda zai iya zama kasa ga aikace-aikace na wannan abu a wurare da dama. Saboda haka, kuma rarraba kai tsaye kira Hanyar su sami wani abu taro na domin na 97-98%.

Bari mu bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki, yadda za a samar da nitric acid ne da za'ayi a daya ko wani jinsi. Sama mu lura da cewa, batun na diluted abu za a iya za'ayi a karkashin makirci AK-72. Nazarin for farkon ta bayani dalla-dalla.

tsarma acid samar a AK-72 da fasaha

The dauke makirci da wanda samar da nitric acid shafi yin amfani da rufaffiyar sake zagayowar, tare da:

• ammonia hira.
• rakiyar sanyaya gas matsa lamba a kan tsari na 0,42-0,47 MPa:
• aiwatar oxides sha a karkashin matsin na domin na 1,1-1,26 MPa.

A karshe samfurin kewaye AK-72 - nitric acid a game da 60% taro. nitric acid a tsarin na wannan fasahar ne da za'ayi a cikin irin matakai kamar:

• samar da iska daga cikin yanayi a cikin masana'antu naúra da kuma aiwatar da ta tsarkakewa.
• matsa iska, ta rabo a cikin tsari kõguna.
• aiwatar ammonia danshin, tsarkakewa daga cikin dace gas daga man fetur da kuma sauran impurities, kazalika da ta m dumama.
• admixing tsarkakakku ammonia da kuma iska, m tsarkakewa daga cikin cakuda, da kuma canja wurin shi zuwa ga mai kara kuzari;
• shirye-shiryen da nitrous gas da kuma sanyaya;
• tattara condensate tare da nitric acid.
• taro da absorbance na nitric acid.
• sanyaya da tsarkakewa daga cikin sakamakon samfurin.

Shirye-acid da aka aika zuwa ajiya, ko ga abokin ciniki.

Tare da fasahar dauke, a cikin abin da samar da nitric acid - AK-72 da aka yi amfani da shi ne wani m ra'ayi na saki na abu, wanda ya shafi tabbatar da masana'antu kayayyakin aiki a karkashin wani matsin lamba daga game da 0.7 MPa. La'akari da fasali.

Samfurin samfurin Technology karkashin matsin da 0.7 MPa: nuances

Ta hanyar fasahar, a tambaya, za'ayi samar da tsarma nitric acid - a matsayin madadin zuwa AK-72 ra'ayi. Ya unshi da aiwatar da wadannan matakai na tsirar da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya.

Da farko, kamar yadda a cikin kafin art, da iska da aka tsabtace. A saboda wannan dalili, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ya shafi wani biyu-mataki tace. Bugu da ari, iska tsaftacewa prosheshdy, matsa da iska kwampreso - index kamar 0,35 MPa. The iska ne mai tsanani - to game da 175 digiri zafin jiki da kuma dole ne a sanyaya. Da zarar wannan matsala da aka warware, shi ne ya aiko zuwa ga wani ƙarin matsawa, a cikin abin da ta matsa lamba da aka kara wa game da 0,716 MPa. A kunno kai iska ya kwarara, bi da bi, shi ne mai tsanani ga wani babban zazzabi - game da 270 digiri da mataki nitrotnyh gas. Bayan an gauraye da ammonia a musamman m naúrar. The abu da aka kunna a lokacin da saki na acid da farko a cikin gaseous jihar, wanda aka kafa saboda danshin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ammonia yana zuwa da za a tsabtace. Bayan shirya gas da aka kona, kuma ciyar da zuwa mahautsini lokaci guda tare da iska. Wannan cakuda da aka ma tace da kuma bayan tsarkakewa ciyar da ammonia hira. A daidai hanya ne da za'ayi amfani da wani layin wutar na wani gami da platinum da kuma azurfa a wani sosai high zazzabi - game da 900 digiri. hira kudi a cikin wannan yanayin ne game da 96%.

nitric acid samar da wannan fasaha ya shafi samuwar nitrous gas. Suna nuna a musamman yankin na masana'antu naúrar, wanda ake sanyaya. Saboda wannan, da danshin da tsarkake ruwa da kuma bayyanar high-matsa lamba tururi. Gudanar ta hanyar a daidai naúrar yankin na masana'antu nitrous gas motsa a wani oxidizer. Ya kamata a lura da cewa su hadawan abu da iskar shaka faruwa jera riga a baya mataki acid samar. Amma a cikin oxidizer, ya zama ko da mafi m. Kamar wancan nitrous gas an kona su game da 335 digiri. Daga bisani, aka sanyaya a cikin wani musamman zafi Exchanger, sa'an nan - ana aika zuwa condenser.

Sa'an nan nitric acid da aka samar a low taro. Yana dole ne a rabu da sauran nitrous gas - SEPARATOR da ake amfani da wannan. Daga shi da nitric acid ciyar da zuwa sha yankin masana'antu naúrar. A acid sa'an nan gudana a cikin naúra kasa da shi. Duk da haka, shi reacts tare da nitrogen oxides, game da shi kara ta maida hankali. A fitarwa shi ne game da 55-58%. Yana yawanci ƙunshi narkar da oxides wanda dole ne a cire: domin wannan abu ne directed zuwa kawar da yankin na naúra. Amfani mai tsanani iska cirewa daga acid oxides. A ƙãre samfurin da aka sanya a cikin sito ko sufuri ga abokin ciniki.

Production na mayar da hankali acid: kai tsaye kira

Bayan nazari da yadda samar da daukan wuri tare da tsarma nitric acid, da mayar da hankali nazari da bayani dalla-dalla na saki jamiái. Daga cikin mafi kudin-tasiri fasahar shagaltar da ta m profile a Enterprises - samun acid via kai tsaye kira daga albarkatun kasa a cikin nau'i na nitrogen oxides.

Jigon da Hanyar - a inganta a sinadaran dauki tsakanin ce abu, da ruwa, da kuma oxygen a matsa lamba na game 5 MPa. Technology, a kan abin da samar da mayar da hankali nitric acid irin dangane da tsarma yana nuance: samar da canja wurin da nitrogen dioxide a cikin ruwa nau'i ne yiwu tare da matsa lamba a zazzabi kusa da yanayi. Duk da haka, a wasu halayen da taro na abu ne kasa domin ta fassara a cikin wani ruwa jihar a talakawa matsa lamba, kuma ya zama dole tada.

dabzar acid samar daga tsarma

A wannan yanayin da acid taro aka zaci ta absorbent abubuwa - kamar sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, daban-daban da mafita daga nitrates. Basic matakai na mayar da hankali nitric acid samar da irin dangane da yin amfani da tsarma sulfuric acid kamar haka.

Da farko, albarkatun kasa ne zuwa kashi biyu qarqashinsu: na farko evaporator an ciyar da na biyu - yankin kuskure da sanyi masana'antu naúrar. Sulfuric acid da aka ciyar da su da inji, located sama da biyu rafi na tsarma nitric acid. A cikin ƙananan ɓangare na naúrar, bi da bi, suka ɗauke feed tururi wanda heats cakuda da aka yi amfani da, inda ya evaporates daga nitric acid. Its vapors tashi da na'ura, bayan da fitarwa a firiji. Akwai acid vapors cunkoso - up har ta maida hankali kai 98-99%.

A wannan yanayin, wasu daga waɗanda ba a cikin tsarin na wannan mataki na samar da nitrogen oxides tunawa acid. Wadannan dole ne a cire daga cikin samfurin, mafi sau da yawa ga wannan dalili amfani da biyu daga nitric acid, wanda aka aiko zuwa condenser. Cirewa nitrogen oxides da kuma acid vapors, wanda condensate ba kafa, shiryuwa ga daban-daban yankin na na'ura - da sha, inda lura da ruwa. A sakamakon haka ne tsarma acid, wanda aka sake ciyar da zuwa sandaro da kuma sanyaya. A ƙãre samfurin da aka aika zuwa sito ko abokin ciniki.

Kadarorin tattara tare da sulfuric acid

Babban aiki, wanda characterizes samar da nitric acid a cikin masana'antun - aiwatar da kudin-tasiri da ingantaccen na ta maida hankali. Akwai da dama hanyoyin inganta wani mafi kyau duka makirci na ta bayani. Yana da amfani la'akari da waɗanda suke mafi kowa.

Sama mu lura da cewa, domin maida hankali abubuwa a tambaya, sulfuric acid za a iya amfani da su. Akwai quite na kowa hanyar ƙara yadda ya dace da aikace - na farko da kara nitric acid taro da evaporation. Optimally, cewa kafin lura da sulfuric acid da abu zai yi wani taro na domin na 59-60%. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa, a yi, wannan nitric acid samar da fasaha ne halin da low matakan da muhalli yi. Saboda haka, a matsayin madadin ga yin amfani da sulfuric acid na kowa yin amfani da nitrates. Za mu yi nazarin su takamaiman bayani.

Taro yin amfani da nitrates

A mafi yawan lokuta, ga mafita daga matsalar, wanda characterizes samar da nitric acid daga ammonia, amfani da magnesium nitrate ko tutiya. Da farko shi ne da yawa fiye da tsabtace muhalli fiye da da hanyar da ta shafi amfani da sulfuric acid. Bugu da ƙari, wannan fasahar damar samar da mafi ingancin da nitric acid a matsayin karshe samfurin.

Duk da haka, shi yana da dama rashin amfani, wanda ƙayyade bayyanar tartsatsi matsaloli a aikace. Da farko - wannan shi ne wani fairly babban kudin samar da tsari. Bugu da ƙari, wannan fasahar shafi a lokuta da dama bayyanar m sharar aiki wanda za a iya wuya.

A amfani da catalysts da a saki nitric acid

Yana da amfani la'akari da abin da wasu abubuwa da ake amfani da tare da asali albarkatun kasa domin samar da samfurin a cikin masana'antu (sau da yawa dauke a matsayin irin wannan catalysts) nitric acid. A amfani da abubuwa a cikin tambaya, saboda bukatar ƙara da riba na acid saki, inganta da muhimmancin da fitarwa a cikin masana'antu naúrar.

Babban da ake bukata domin kara kuzari a samar da samfurin a cikin tambaya - selectivity. Wannan shi ne, ya kamata shafi ainihin sinadaran dauki, ba tare da sakandare tafiyar matakai. Mafi sau da yawa, a cikin yi na acid catalysts an amfani a halin yanzu abun da ke ciki ne platinum.

Sama mu lura da cewa, tare da sakin low-taro abubuwa a dagagge matsa lambar ganin an amfani catalysts dangane da platinum da kuma azurfa. A wasu lokuta, kuma za a yi amfani da Bugu da kari palladium gami. Amma da tushe karfe a cikin su - platinum, da abun ciki ne yawanci ba kasa da 81%. Takaitacciyar mai kara kuzari a cikin wannan harka - a ta da m nassi na asali sunadarai dauki. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne wani ɓangare na waje yadawa yankin.

A wannan tsari ya dogara a kan oxygen yadawa iyaka dangi da kara kuzari surface. Wannan yanayin ya sa a mafi girma maida hankali ammonia - ainihin albarkatun kasa domin samar da nitric acid a kan surface na kara kuzari, ko wani lokacin idan aka kwatanta da daidai adadi tare da maida hankali a cikin iska. Zai yiwu mu ƙara musamman nauyi na daban-daban gefen halayen, a cikinsa akwai bai cika hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma samuwar nitrogen ko ta oxide. A dangane da wannan oxygen a surface kasance a cikin wani adadin isa ya kau da da ammonia. A wannan yanayin, shi ne iya cimma isasshe zurfin hadawan abu da iskar shaka.

Yana iya a lura cewa tare da platinum catalysts a samar da nitric acid ana amfani da hade abubuwa. A musamman, da baƙin ƙarfe-Chrome. Sun iya rage da tattalin arziki da halin kaka cewa faye hali a saki da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya.

Saboda haka, za mu dubi hanyoyin samar da nitric acid, gano main iri shi. Wannan shi ne, kamar yadda da nitric acid samar da matakai da ake bukata da za a aiwatar dogara a kan jinsin da kuma takamaiman fasaha na samar da abu. Yana da amfani la'akari yanzu abin da matsaloli faye hali masana'antu samar na nemi-bayan samfurin a yankunan da yawa daga cikin tattalin arziki.

Babban matsaloli a yi na nitric acid

Saboda haka, kamar yadda muka riga sani, da samar da nitric acid da lamba - daya daga cikin na kowa a cikin zamani masana'antu, ya shafi kunnawa da mai kara kuzari a gaggauta hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ammonia da kuma kara samfurin amfanin ƙasa. Babban matsalar shi ne a saki da samfurin a cikin - isasshe high farashin mai ya dace kara kuzari. A wannan yanayin, da selectivity ba ko da yaushe isa mafi kyau duka darajar. Haka kuma, wani gagarumin rabo daga platinum cewa an yi amfani da matsayin tushe memba na kara kuzari da za a iya rasa a cikin shakka daga samarwa. A sakamakon haka, sake, shi rage-rage na tattalin arziki yadda ya dace da samfurin saki.

Wata matsala da characterizes samar da nitric acid - muhalli. Sama mu lura da cewa, a lokacin da taro na albarkatun kasa za a iya amfani da sulfuric acid, kuma cutarwa abubuwa suna kafa a kan nassi daga cikin m samar da sake zagayowar. A madadin a cikin wannan yanayin ne da yin amfani da nitrates - amma wannan yana, sake, yakan haifar da wani karuwa a tattalin arziki da kuma halin kaka. Duk da haka, da muhalli factor ga zamani masana'antun yau ne da muhimmanci a matsayin matakin na riba.