Masu kirkirar bam din hydrogen. Gwajin bam na hydrogen a cikin USSR, Amurka, Koriya ta Arewa

Kamfanin hydrogen, ko bam din thermonuclear ya zama babban dutse na makamai a tsakanin Amurka da USSR. Ma'aikata biyu sun yi jayayya da shekaru masu yawa game da wanda zai zama na farko da ya zama sabon makamin makamai.

Tasirin makamai masu tsabtace wuta

A farkon Yakin Cold, jarrabawar bomb din ta kasance babbar hujja ce ga jagorancin Amurka a yakin Amurka. Moscow na son cimma burin nukiliya tare da Washington kuma ya zuba jari mai yawa a cikin makamai. Duk da haka, aikin da aka yi akan bam din hydrogen bai fara da kudade mai karimci ba, amma saboda rahotanni na masu tayar da hankali a Amurka. A shekarar 1945, Kremlin ya san cewa Amurka tana shirin shirya makamai. Wannan babban bom ne, wanda ake kira Super.

Madogarar bayani mai mahimmanci shine Klaus Fuchs, ma'aikaci na Laboratory National na Amurka a Amurka. Ya baiwa Ƙungiyar Soviet bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru na Amurka game da mummunar mummunan rauni. A shekara ta 1950, an kaddamar da aikin Super Project cikin kwandon, kamar yadda masana kimiyyar yammacin Turai suka gano cewa ba za'a iya gano irin wannan makircin makamai ba. Shugaban wannan shirin shine Edward Teller.

A shekarar 1946, Klaus Fuchs da Dzhon Fon Neyman ci gaba da aikin ra'ayin da ya jadadda mallaka Super nasu tsarin. Ƙari sabon abu a ciki shi ne ka'idar implosion radioactive. A cikin USSR, wannan shirin ya fara la'akari da ɗan lokaci - in 1948. Gaba ɗaya, zamu iya cewa a matakin farko aikin Soviet na Atomic ya dogara ne da bayanin bayanan Amurka. Amma, ci gaba da binciken da aka yi a kan wadannan kayan, masanan kimiyyar Soviet sun yi sanadiyar abokan aiki na yammacin Turai, ya ba da izini ga USSR ta fara zama na farko da kuma na bam din da ya fi karfi.

Nazarin Soviet na farko

Disamba 17, 1945, a wata ganawa da wani kwamiti na musamman wanda aka kafa a karkashin majalisar wakilai na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka, Yakov Zeldovich, Isaak Pomeranchuk da Julius Hartion sun bayar da rahoto "Amfani da makamashin nukiliya na abubuwa masu haske." A cikin wannan takarda, an yi la'akari da yiwuwar amfani da bam tare da deuterium. Wannan jawabin shine farkon shirin nukiliyar Soviet.

A shekara ta 1946, an gudanar da nazarin binciken a Cibiyar Kwayoyin Kimiyya. Sakamakon farko na wannan aikin an tattauna ne a wani taro na majalisar kimiyya da fasaha a Babban Main Directorate. Shekaru biyu bayan haka Lavrenty Beria ya umurci Kurchatov da Khariton don nazarin kayan da ke cikin tsarin ne na Ne Neon wanda aka baiwa kungiyar Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar kula da makamai a yammaci. Bayanai daga waɗannan takardun sun ba da ƙarin damuwa ga bincike, da godiya ga aikin RDS-6.

"Ivy Mike" da "Castle Bravo"

1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1952, jama'ar {asar Amirka sun dandana a cikin ta farko thermonuclear duniya m na'urar. Ba tukuna bomb bane, amma riga ya zama mafi mahimmanci bangaren. Hakan ya faru ne a cikin Manus na Manwotek, a cikin Pacific Ocean. Edward Teller da Stanislav Ulam (kowannen su a hakika mahaliccin bam na hydrogen) ba da daɗewa ba kafin ya ci gaba da zane-zane biyu, wanda Amurkawa suka yi kokarin. The inji ba za a iya amfani da a matsayin makamin, a matsayin fe da aka yi amfani da deuterium. Bugu da kari, yana da nauyi da girma. Irin wannan harsashi ba za a iya saukewa daga jirgin sama kawai ba.

An gwada bam din farko na hydrogen ta masanan kimiyyar Soviet. Bayan Amurka ta koyi game da nasarar amfani da RDS-6s, sai ya zama a fili cewa ya zama dole don rage rata tsakanin Rasha a cikin tseren kafar da wuri-wuri. An jarraba gwajin Amurka a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1954. An zabi Bikini tarin tsibirin Marshall Islands a matsayin filin gwaji. Ba a zaba sararin samaniya ba. Babu kusan yawan mutane (kuma 'yan tsirarun mutanen da ke zaune a tsibirin da ke kusa da su suna fitar da su a kan tsakar gwajin).

An fashe fashewar fashewar fashewar bom na Amurkawa da aka sani da "Castle Bravo". Ikon cajin yana da sau 2.5 fiye da yadda aka sa ran. Wannan fashewa ya haifar da yaduwar mummunar rashawa da babban yanki (tsibirin da yawa da Pacific Ocean), wanda ya haifar da rikici da kuma sake duba shirin nukiliya.

Ƙaddamar da RDS-6s

An kira aikin Rund-6s ne na farko na bom din thermonuclear Soviet. Shirin na likita mai suna Andrei Sakharov ya rubuta wannan shirin. A shekara ta 1950, majalisar ministocin ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan aikin samar da makamai a KB-11. Bisa ga wannan shawarar, Igor Tamm ƙungiyar masana kimiyya sun tafi Arzamas-16.

Musamman ma wannan shiri mai zurfi an shirya shafin gwaji na Semipalatinsk. Kafin fitinar boma-bamai ya fara, an shigar da yawan ƙididdiga, yin fim da rikodi a can. Bugu da ƙari, a kan umarnin masana kimiyya a can ya bayyana kusan mutane dubu biyu. Yankin da binciken da aka yi a bomb blast ya kunshi wuraren 190.

Nazarin Semipalatinsk na musamman ba kawai saboda sababbin makamai ba. An yi amfani da fences na musamman da aka yi amfani da su don sunadarai da samfurori na rediyo. Sai kawai tasirin tasiri mai karfi zai iya bude su. An shigar da kayan yin amfani da kayan wasan kwaikwayon da kayan wasan kwaikwayo a shirye-shiryen da aka gina musamman a kan gine-ginen da a karkashin kasa.

Ƙararrawar ƙararrawa

A baya a 1946, Edward Teller, wanda ke aiki a Amurka, ya ci gaba da samfurin RDS-6s. An kira shi Clock Clock. Da farko, an tsara zanen wannan na'urar a madadin Super. A cikin Afrilu 1947 a dakin gwaje-gwaje a Los Alamos ya fara jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka tsara don nazarin yanayin ka'idodin thermonuclear.

Daga Girgijin Ƙararrawa, masana kimiyya sun sa ran mafiya kyautar makamashi. A lokacin kaka, Teller ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da man fetur don na'urar lithium deuteride. Masu bincike sun ba tukuna amfani da wannan abu, amma shi ana sa ran cewa shi zai kara ingancinsu na Fusion halayen. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Teller riga ya lura a cikin ofishinsa yana lura da dogara ga shirin nukiliya akan ci gaba da cigaban kwakwalwa. Wannan dabarar wajibi ne don masana kimiyya don ƙididdigewa da ƙaddara.

Ƙararrawa ta Ƙararrawa da RDS-6c yana da yawa a kowa, amma mutane da yawa sun bambanta. Harshen Amirka bai kasance mai amfani kamar Soviet ba saboda girmansa. Yayi gagarumar girma daga aikin Super. A} arshe, jama'ar {asar Amirka sun watsar da wannan ci gaba. An gudanar da bincike na karshe a shekarar 1954, bayan haka ya bayyana cewa aikin ba shi da amfani.

Rashin fashewar bam na farko da aka yi da thermonuclear

Binciken farko na bam din hydrogen a cikin tarihin mutum ya faru a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1953. Da safe, haske mai haske ya bayyana a sararin samaniya, wanda har ma an rufe ta cikin aljihu. Rushewar RDS-6 yana da sau 20 fiye da yadda bam ya tashi. An yi gwajin gwagwarmayar nasara. Masana kimiyya sun iya cimma nasarar fasaha mai muhimmanci. A karo na farko, an yi amfani da hydride na lithium a matsayin man fetur. A cikin radius na kilomita 4 daga farfadowar fashewa, duk gine-gine ya lalace.

Gwaje-gwaje na ƙarshe na bam din hydrogen a cikin Rundunar ta USSR sun dogara ne akan kwarewar da aka samu tare da yin amfani da RDS-6s. Wannan makami mai lalacewar ba kawai shine mafi iko ba. Wani muhimmin amfani da bam din shi ne karamin aiki. An sanya matsala a cikin wani bom na Tu-16. Success ya yarda masanan kimiyyar Soviet su ci gaban Amurka. A Amurka a wannan lokaci shine na'urar thermonuclear, girman gidan. Ba transportable ba.

Lokacin da a Moscow sun bayyana cewa an shirya bom din hydrogen na USSR, an yi jayayya a cikin Washington. Babban mahimmancin Amurkawa shi ne gaskiyar cewa dole ne a kirkiro bam din na thermonuclear bisa ga tsarin Teller-Ulam. An dogara ne akan ka'idar radiation implosion. Za a aiwatar da wannan aikin a cikin USSR bayan shekaru biyu, a 1955.

Masanin kimiyya Andrei Sakharov ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga halittar RDS-6s. Bom din hydrogen shine jaririnsa - shi ne wanda ya gabatar da matakan fasaha na juyin juya halin da aka yarda da shi don kammala gwaje-gwaje a shafin gwaji na Semipalatinsk. Yaron Sakharov ya zama malamin likita a Cibiyar Harkokin Kimiyya na USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor da kuma laureate na Stalin Prize. Sauran masana kimiyya sun karbi lambar yabo da lambobin yabo: Julius Khariton, Kirill Shchelkin, Yakov Zeldovich, Nikolai Dukhov, da dai sauransu. A 1953, gwajin binciken bom na nuna cewa kimiyya na Soviet zai iya rinjayar abin da ya kasance kamar fiction da kuma raga. Sabili da haka, nan da nan bayan fashewawar RDS-6s, fasalin ya fara ingantawa.

RDS-37

Nuwamba 20, 1955 ya wuce gwajin na gaba game da bam din bom a cikin USSR. A wannan lokaci ya zama mataki guda biyu kuma ya dace da tsarin Teller-Ulam. An jefa bom din RDS-37 daga jirgin. Duk da haka, lokacin da ya shiga cikin iska, ya zama a fili cewa za a gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a cikin halin da ke ciki. Sabanin yanayin da aka yi a kan yanayin yanayin yanayi, yanayin ya damu sosai, saboda abin da polygon ya rufe girgije mai yawa.

A karo na farko masana sun tilasta sanya jirgin sama tare da bam din thermonuclear a jirgin. A wani lokaci a Babban Umurni na Tsakiya akwai tattaunawa game da abin da za a yi a gaba. An yi la'akari da shawarar da za a sauke bam a tsaunuka a kusa da nan, amma an ƙi wannan zaɓin, kamar yadda yake da damuwa. A halin yanzu, jirgi ya ci gaba da zagayawa a kusa da lalata, samar da man fetur.

Zeldovich da Sakharov sun karbi kalma mai mahimmanci. Wani bam din da ke dauke da iskar gas wanda ba ya tashi a wurin gwaji zai haifar da bala'i. Masana kimiyya sun fahimci cikakken haɗarin da kuma nauyin kansu, duk da haka sun ba da tabbaci na cewa jirgin saman jirgin zai kasance lafiya. A ƙarshe, kwamandan 'yan wasan Tu-16 Fyodor Golovashko ya karbi umarni zuwa kasa. Saukowa ya kasance mai santsi. Jirgin jirgi sun nuna dukkanin basirarsu kuma ba su da tsoro a cikin wani mummunan hali. Hanyar ta kasance cikakke. A umarni na tsakiya da aka tura su tare da taimako.

Mahaliccin bam din hydrogen Sakharov da tawagarsa sun sha wahala. An kammala shirin na biyu na Nuwamba 22. A yau duk abin da ya tafi ba tare da yanayin gaggawa ba. An jefa bam din daga tsawon kilomita 12. Yayinda matsalar ta fadi, jirgin ya tashi ya tsere zuwa nesa mai nisa daga farfadowar fashewa. Bayan 'yan mintoci kaɗan naman ginin nukiliya ya kai kimanin kilomita 14, kuma diamita ya kai kilomita 30.

Babu fashewa ba tare da hadari ba. Daga mummunan girgiza a nesa kusan kilomita 200 ya fitar da gilashin, saboda yawancin mutane da suka jikkata. Har ila yau, yarinyar da ta zauna a wata makwabtaka, ta mutu, inda rufin ya rushe. Wani wanda aka azabtar shi shi ne soja wanda ke cikin filin jiragen musamman. Sojan ya yi barci a cikin rudani, kuma ya mutu a matsayin dan wasa kafin 'yan uwansa suka iya fitar da shi.

Ƙaddamar da "Tsar-bam"

A 1954, da mafi kyau na nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi na kasar karkashin jagorancin Igor Kurchatov suka fara samar da ya fi iko a tarihin 'yan adam na da wani thermonuclear bam. Andrei Sakharov, Viktor Adamsky, Yuri Babayev, Yuri Smirnov, Yury Trutnev, da dai sauransu sun shiga cikin wannan aikin. Na gode da ikonsa da girmansa, an san bam din "Tsar Bomb". Mahalarta taron sun sake tunawa da cewa wannan magana ta bayyana bayan da Khrushchev ya san sanannen sanarwa game da "mahaifiyar Kuz'kin" a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A bisa hukuma, an kira wannan aikin AN602.

A cikin shekaru bakwai na ci gaban, bomb ya tsira da sauye-sauye. Da farko, masana kimiyya sun shirya amfani da wasu daga bangaren uranium da kuma amsawar Jekyll-Hyde, amma daga bisani wannan watsi ya zama watsi da haɗarin lalacewar rediyo.

Test a Novaya Zemlya

A wani ɗan lokaci, aikin "Tsar Bomb" ya daskarewa, yayin da Khrushchev yake ganawa a Amurka, kuma a Cakin Cold, akwai jinkiri kaɗan. A 1961, rikice-rikice tsakanin kasashen da suka sake komawa baya kuma a Moscow sun sake tunawa game da makaman nukiliya. Khrushchev ya ruwaito game da gwaje-gwaje masu zuwa a watan Oktobar 1961 a lokacin taron 22 na CPSU.

30 Tu-95V tare da bam a jirgin ya tashi daga Deer kuma ya kai New Earth. Jirgin ya isa makaman har tsawon sa'o'i biyu. An sake fashe wani bam na Soviet a wani mita mita 10.5 a sama da filin gwajin nukiliya "Dry Nose". Kullun ya fashe cikin iska. Fitilar wuta ta bayyana, wanda ya kai kimanin kilomita uku kuma kusan ya taɓa ƙasa. Bisa ga lissafi, masana kimiyya yunkurin girgizar kasa daga fashewa sau uku ya ketare duniya. An ji tasiri akan kilomita dubu daya, kuma duk wadanda ke zaune a nesa kusan kilomita 100 zasu iya karbar digiri na uku (wannan bai faru ba, tun da wannan yanki ba a zauna ba).

A wancan lokacin, fashewar wutar lantarki mafi tsananin karfi a Amurka a cikin iko ba ta da muhimmanci ga "Tsar-bom" sau hudu. Jagoran Soviet sun kasance sakamakon sakamakon gwaji. A Moscow, sun sami abin da suke so daga boma-bamai na gaba. Jarabawar ta nuna cewa Sashen na USSR yana da makamai da yawa fiye da Amurka. A nan gaba, lalataccen rikodin "Tsar-bam" bai taba karya ba. Babban fashewar fashewar bom din ya zama babbar muhimmiyar tarihi a cikin tarihin kimiyya da kuma Cold War.

Ƙananan makaman nukiliya na sauran ƙasashe

An fara fashewar birane na Birtaniya a shekarar 1954. Kamfanin William Penney wanda ya kasance mamba na aikin Manhattan a Amurka ya jagoranci aikin. Birtaniya na da wasu bayanai game da tsarin makaman nukiliya. Abokan Amurkan ba su raba wannan bayanin ba. Washington ta zartar da dokar kan makamashin nukiliya, wanda aka karɓa a 1946. Abinda kawai ya zama na Birtaniya shine izini don saka idanu akan gwaje-gwaje. Bugu da ƙari, sun yi amfani da jiragen sama don tattara samfurori da suka bar bayan fashewar birane na Amurka.

Na farko a London, mun yanke shawarar ƙayyade kanmu don samar da bam mai tsananin iko. Saboda haka ne aka fara gwajin "Orange Herald". A halin yanzu dai, an rabu da mafi girma daga bama-bamai na marasa lafiya a cikin tarihin 'yan adam. Rashin haɓaka shi ne kima mai yawa. Ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamban 1957 an gwada bam din hydrogen. Tarihin halittar Halitta na biyu na Birtaniya misali ne na cigaban ci gaba a cikin yanayin da ake fama da shi a baya bayan nan biyu masu yin jayayya a tsakaninsu.

A kasar Sin, bam na bom ya fara a 1967, a Faransa - a 1968. Ta haka ne, akwai jihohi biyar a cikin kulob din kasashe-wadanda ke da makamai masu tsabta. Bayanin game da bam din hydrogen a Koriya ta Arewa ya kasance mai rikici. The shugaban Korea ta Arewa ta Kim Jong-un ya ce wa masana kimiyya sun iya ci gaba da irin wannan makami mai linzami. A lokacin gwaje-gwajen, masu bincike na yankuna daga kasashe daban-daban sun rubuta ayyukan da ke tattare da wani yanki wanda ke haifar da fashewa ta nukiliya. Amma har yanzu babu wani bayani na musamman game da bam din hydrogen a cikin DPRK.