Kira na fe. Fusion matsaloli

M ayyukan yin amfani da zamani superconductors a nan gaba zai ba da damar a gudanar da wani sarrafawa thermonuclear Fusion - don haka suka ce wasu optimists. Duk da haka, masana hango ko hasashen cewa m aikace-aikace zai ɗauki wasu shekarun da suka gabata.

Me ya sa yake haka da wuya?

Fusion makamashi a matsayin wani m tushen nan gaba makamashi. Yana da yake da tsarki da makamashi na zarra. Amma abin da shi ne da kuma dalilin da ya sa shi ne don haka da wuya a cimma? Don fara gane bambance-bambance tsakanin classic rabo daga cikin tsakiya da kuma makaman nukiliya fe.

Da rabo daga cikin zarra ne cewa rediyoaktif isotopes - uranium ko plutonium - suna karye, kuma tuba zuwa ga sauran sosai rediyoaktif isotopes, wanda dole ne sai a zubar ko kuma sake yin fa'ida.

Thermonuclear dauki na kira ta'allaka ne da cewa biyu isotopes na hydrogen - deuterium da tritium - ci a cikin guda naúrar, kafa kawai ba mai guba helium da neutrons ba tare da samar da radioactive.

ikon matsala

A halayen da faruwa a cikin rana, ko a cikin hydrogen bam - wani kira na Fusion, da kuma injiniyoyin wani fuskantar aiki - yadda za a sarrafa wannan tsari a wani ikon shuka?

Shi ne abin da masana kimiyya suna aiki tun shekarun 1960s. Wani gwaji reactor thermonuclear Fusion kira Wendelstein 7-X aka kaddamar a arewacin Jamus garin Greifswald. Amma duk da haka ba a yi nufin ya halicci dauki - dai kawai na musamman zane da ake gwada (maimakon stellarator tokamak).

high-makamashi jini

All thermonuclear shigarwa ne mai kowa alama - mai zobe-dimbin yawa form. Ya dogara ne a kan ra'ayin amfani da iko electromagnets domin samar da wani karfi electromagnetic filin ciwon torus siffar - inflated keke ciki tube.

Wannan electromagnetic filin ya zama haka m cewa, idan aka kona shi a wani obin na lantarki tanda, zuwa miliyan digiri centigrade, da jini kamata bayyana a cikin cibiyar da zobe. Ta sa'an nan kunna to Fusion iya fara.

zanga-zanga da

A Turai, a halin yanzu gudanar da biyu irin gwaje-gwajen. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Wendelstein 7-X, wanda kwanan nan generated ta farko helium jini. Wani - ITER - ne mai babbar gwaji shigarwa Fusion a kudancin Faransa, wanda shi ne har yanzu a karkashin gini, kuma za su kasance a shirye don jefa a 2023.

Ana sa ran cewa ITER zai zama real nukiliya halayen, ko kawai na wani dan gajeren lokaci da kuma lalle ba fiye da 60 minutes. Wannan reactor ne kawai daya daga cikin mutane da yawa matakai a kan hanyar tabbatar da cewa, a yi, don gudanar da wani Fusion.

Fusion reactor: karami kuma mafi m

Kwanan nan, da dama zanen kaya sun sanar da kafa wani sabon reactor zane. A cewar wani rukuni na dalibai daga Massachusetts Institute of Technology, kazalika da wakilan kamfanin - masana'anta na "Lockheed Martin" makamai, makaman nukiliya Fusion za a iya za'ayi a wuraren da suke fi iko da kuma karami fiye da ITER, kuma su yarda su yi wannan shekara goma.

A ra'ayin na sabon zane ne don amfani electromagnets na zamani high-zazzabi superconductors, wanda ya nuna dũkiyõyinsu a lokacin da sanyaya da ruwa nitrogen maimakon saba, cewa bukatar ruwa helium. New, mafi m fasaha zai canja gaba daya da zane na reactor.

Klaus Hash alhakin nukiliya Fusion fasahar a Fasaha Cibiyar Karlsruhe a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, shi ne m. Yana goyon bayan yin amfani da sabon high-zazzabi superconductors ga sabon reactor kayayyaki. Amma, ya ce, wajen samar da wani abu a kan kwamfuta, shan la'akari da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi ne bai isa ba. Wajibi ne a yi la'akari da kalubalen da cewa tashi a fassara aiwatar da ra'ayi.

almarar kimiyya

A cewar Hash, tsarin MIT dalibai nuna ne kawai da yiwuwar aikin. Amma a gaskiya akwai mai yawa almarar kimiyya. The aikin kwakwalwa gaba da cewa tsanani fasaha matsaloli suna warware fe. Amma kimiyyar zamani yana da wani ra'ayin game da yadda za a warware su.

Wata irin wannan matsala ne ra'ayin demountable coils. Domin samun ciki da zobe, ƙunci da jini a cikin MIT-model zane electromagnets za a iya disassembled.

Ba zai zama da amfani sosai, domin shi zai zama zai yiwu a yi damar yin amfani da abubuwa a cikin ciki tsarin da kuma maye gurbin su. Amma a gaskiya superconductors sanya daga yumbu abu. Daruruwan su da za a lauye nagartaccen hanya, to samar da daidai Magnetic filin. Kuma akwai wani karin muhimman hakkokin matsala: da connection tsakanin su ba da sauki kamar yadda jan na USB dangane. Babu wanda ya ko tunani game da matsalolin da cewa zai taimaka wajen warware wadannan matsaloli.

ma zafi

Heat ne ma matsala. A Fusion jini core zazzabi ya kai kusa da miliyan 150 digiri centigrade. Wannan matsananci zafi ya zauna a wuri - dama a cibiyar na ionized gas. Amma ko da a kusa da shi ne har yanzu sosai zafi - daga 500 zuwa 700 digiri a cikin reactor core, ciki Layer zama wani karfe bututu, wanda za a "ya buga baya" Tritium zama dole domin nukiliya Fusion faru.

ITER ne wani ko da girma matsala - wadda ake kira batun na iko. Wannan bangare na tsarin, wacce ake kawota daga kira aiwatar amfani da man fetur, mafi yawa helium. A farko karfe bangaren, a cikin abin da zafi gas da dama, da ake kira "divertor". Yana iya a mai tsanani sama 2000 ° C.

divertor matsala

Don shuka jure irin wannan yanayin zafi, injiniyoyi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da wani karfe tungsten, yi amfani da haihuwa-kera Lagwani kwararan fitila. tungsten narkewa zafin jiki na game da 3000 digiri. Amma akwai wasu gazawa.

A ITER shi za a iya yi, saboda dumama shi ba ya faru duk da lokaci. An zaci cewa reactor zai yi aiki ne kawai 1-3% na lokaci. Amma wannan ba wani zaɓi don ikon shuka, abin da ya kamata aiki a kan wani 24/7 akai. Kuma, idan wani ikirarin iya gina wani karami reactor tare da wannan ikon kamar yadda ITER, za mu iya amincewa ce cewa yana da wani mafita divertor matsaloli.

A ikon shuka a cikin 'yan shekarun da

Duk da haka, masana kimiyya suna kaffa game da ci gaban da Fusion reactors, duk da haka, ba zai zama kamar m kamar yadda wasu hango ko hasashen masu goyon baya.

ITER ne domin ya nuna cewa sarrafawa thermonuclear Fusion iya zahiri na samar da makamashi fiye da aka kashe a dumama da jini. A mataki na gaba shi ne gina wani sabon gaba daya matasan zanga-zanga shuka, wanda zai zahiri samar da wutar lantarki.

Injiniyoyin yanzu aiki a kan ta zane. Za su bukatar koyon darussa daga cikin ITER, wanda aka shirya domin jefa a 2023 Shan la'akari da lokaci da ake bukata domin zane, shiryawa da kuma yi, ga alama wuya cewa na farko Fusion ikon tashar za a fara yawa a baya fiye da tsakiyar XXI karni.

Rossi ta sanyi Fusion

A 2014, m gwajin reactor E-Cat ƙarasa da cewa na'urar for 32 days samar da wani talakawan fitarwa ikon 2800 W a cinye 900 watts. Wannan shi ne fiye da iya gane wani sunadarai dauki. A sakamakon ya nuna ko dai wani nasara a nukiliya Fusion ko wani outright zamba. A rahoton taka rawar gani ba shakka waɗanda shakka ko gwajin da aka gaske zaman kanta da kuma shawarar da wani yiwu gurbata da gwajin sakamakon. Wasu yi elucidation na "asiri sinadaran" cewa damar da Fusion Rossi haifa wannan fasahar.

Rossi - maketaci?

Andrea impozanten. Ya wallafa a shela ga duniya a kan musamman Turanci a cikin comments sashe na website, pretentiously da ake kira "Journal of nukiliya Physics". Amma da ya gabata a samu nasara a hada da Italian sharar hira aikin a cikin man fetur da kuma wani thermoelectric janareta. Petroldragon, sharar gida gudanar aikin a cikin makamashi Madogararsa, ya gaza jera domin da doka zuba sharar gida ne sarrafawa ta Italian shirya laifi, da wanda ya bude wani laifi karar shi ga take hakkin sharar gida dashi dokokin. Ya kuma halicci wani thermoelectric na'urar ga Corps na Engineers US Army, amma yayin da gwajin na'urar samar kawai ɓangare na ayyana iya aiki.

Mutane da yawa ba su yarda da Rasha, da kuma shugaban edita na New Energy Times kawai kira shi da wani laifi, bayan da wani jerin gaza ikon searchlights.

m tabbaci

Rossi ya sanya hannu a kwangila tare da American kamfanin Industrial Heat da za su gudanar shekara-shekara gwaji na tallace 1-megawatt shigarwa na sanyi fe. The inji wani shipping ganga, cushe a dubun E-Cat. A gwajin da za a kula da wani ɓangare na uku, wanda zai iya tabbatar da cewa shi ne haƙĩƙa, haka al'amarin zafi tsara. Rossi ya ce ya kashe mafi shekarar bara, kusan zaune a wani akwati, da kuma duba da yadda ake gudanar da shi fiye da 16 hours a rana don tabbatar da kasuwanci viability na E-Cat.

A gwajin da ya ƙare a cikin watan Maris. Magoya bayan Rossi idon masu sa ido rahotanni, fatan ya ba da dalilin gwarzo. Amma a karshen su samu wani kara.

fitina

A cikin sanarwa da kotun na Florida Rossi ikirarin cewa gwajin ya yi nasara da kuma m mai sulhu ya tabbatar da cewa E-Cat reactor samar shida sau fiye da makamashi fiye da shi ta ci. Ya kuma da'awar cewa kamfanin Industrial Heat amince da su biya shi $ 100 miliyan - 11.5 miliyan gaba bayan wani 24-hour gwajin (wai don lasisi hakkokin da kamfanin zai sayar da wannan fasaha a Amurka) da kuma wani 89 da miliyan a kan nasara ƙarshe na Extended gwajin cikin 350 kwanaki. Rasha ta zargi IH a gudanar da "fraudulent makirci", manufar wanda ya sata da ta dukiyar ilimi. Ya kuma zargi kamfanin na almubazzarancin reactor E-Cat, doka kwashe daga m hanyoyin fasaha da kuma kayayyakin, fasali, da kuma Tsarin da doka ƙoƙari don samun wani lamban kira a kan ta dukiyar ilimi.

goldmine bayar

Da sauran wurare Rossi bayar da hujjar cewa a kan backdrop na daya daga cikin zanga-zangar kamfanin IH samu daga masu zuba jari na $ 50-60 miliyan da miliyan 200 daga kasar Sin bayan wasa tare da hukumar kasar Sin wata babbar-matakin jami'ai. Idan wannan gaskiya ne, a kan gungumen azaba ne sosai fiye da dari da dala miliyan. Industrial Heat ƙaryata wadannan da'awar matsayin tushe da kuma yi niyyar rayayye kare. More mahimmanci, ta ce, cewa "for fiye da shekaru uku aiki a kan tabbatar da sakamakon, wanda ake zargin ya yi Rossi da kuma E-Cat-fasahar, duk don ba wadãtar."

IH bai yi ĩmãni da yadda ya dace da E-Cat, da kuma New Energy Times Magazine gani ba dalili to shakka wannan. A Yuni 2011 edition na wakilin ya ziyarci Italiya, Rossi hira da yin fim a zanga-zanga da ya E-Cat. Bayan wata rana, ya gaya game da tsanani da damuwa game da hanyar da thermal ikon ma'aunai. Bayan 6 kwana, da 'yar jarida posted ya video on YouTube. Masana daga ko'ina cikin duniya aiko shi na nazarin, wanda aka buga a watan Yuli. Ya zama a sarari cewa shi ne mai jabu.

gwaji tabbatarwa

Duk da haka, a yawan masu bincike - Aleksandru Parhomovu na Rasha Peoples 'Friendship University da aikin memory Martina Fleyshmana (MFPM) - gudanar ya haifa da sanyi Fusion Rossi. MFPM rahoton da ake kira "The End of carbon zamanin ne, Makusanci." Dalilin wannan sha'awa ya gano gamma-ray bursts, wanda ba a iya bayyana fãce da Fusion dauki. Bisa ga masu bincike, daga Rasha ne daidai da abin da ya ce.

Mai yiwuwa girke-girke waje sanyi nukiliya Fusion makamashi zai iya sa "Gold Rush". madadin hanyoyin da za su kewaye da lamban kira na Rasha da kuma bar shi a gefen wani multibillion-dollar makamashi kasuwanci za a iya samu.

Saboda haka, watakila, Rossi sun fi so su kauce wa wannan tabbaci.