Amincewa da kudi na Witte: dalilai, sakamako

Amincewar kudaden Witte ta zama muhimmin mataki a cikin cigaban tattalin arzikin Rasha a ƙarshen 19th da farkon karni na 20. Ya ƙarfafa ruba ba kawai a kasarmu ba, amma a ko'ina cikin duniya saboda kafa sabuwar kyauta ta zinariya. Dalilin wannan shi ne rashin daidaito na tsarin kudi a Rasha a karshen karni. Duk da haka, bayan "sake dawowa" na ruble, girma na tattalin arzikin gida ya karu da muhimmanci, wanda hakan ya haifar da haɓaka da zuba jarurruka da kuma gudana daga babban birnin kasar.

Dalilin

Amincewar kudaden Witte ta haifar da buƙata ta samar da kudin ƙaura, wadda ake buƙata a karni na karni na ƙungiyoyi a kasarmu. Gaskiyar ita ce, a lokacin da yake cikin Rasha, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar manyan al'amurra na tattalin arzikin duniya, manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun hada da takardun shaida da 'yan kasuwa sun fara bayyana. Don manyan kudaden kuɗi, an bukaci kudin da zai kiyaye muhimmancin babban kuɗin kuɗi.

Da farko, gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari ta magance matsalar ta hanyar samar da kudi mai mahimmanci, amma wannan bai taimaka ba. A ƙarshen karni, buƙatar gabatar da kuɗin zinariya ya zama bayyananne. An gudanar da tsarin gyara kudi na Witte bisa ga tsarin Yammacin Turai. Batun ita ce, an samo asalin tsabar kudin zinariya a ƙasashe da dama na Turai dangane da fitowar kasuwar duniya daya. Rasha ta biyo bayan cinikayyar cinikayya, sabili da haka, kamar abokansa, suna buƙatar tsarin kudi irin wannan.

Manufar

A tsarist gwamnati ya sha'awar ci gaba waje huldar cinikaiya na kasar. Yanayin karshe ya raguwa da gaskiyar cewa ruble, duk da kasancewar kudin da za a iya canzawa, bai da ƙarfin isa ya zama musanya daidai.

Kasashen kasuwancin waje ba su kalubalantar sayar da sunayensu ba, tun da ba a ba su kyautar zinariya ba. Sauye-sauye na kudi na Witte ya nemi ya shawo kan wannan shamaki kuma ya sanya ruble a matakin da ya dace kamar kuɗin Turai. Wannan ya jawo hankalin kasashen waje zuba jari da kuma zuba jari a cikin gida tattalin arzikin.

Shirye-shiryen matakan

Sauye-sauye na kudi na Witte, wanda kwanan wata shine 1897, wanda ya riga ya shirya. Bunge da Vyshnegradsky sun fahimci rashin ƙarfi na tsarin kudi na takarda kuma sunyi kokarin maye gurbin shi tare da ma'auni. Dukkanansu sun so su sanya rufin gida da karfi don su ba da yardar rai ba kawai don azurfa, amma zinariya. Don cimma wannan burin sun kafa wani aiki don ƙirƙirar da samar da wannan daraja karfe, gudanar da protectionist manufofin, yin waje da rance, kazalika da iyakance shigo da kuma kara fitar da kaya.

Saboda haka, kafin kafin Witte ya zo gidan Ministan Harkokin Kasuwanci, an daidaita kudin kuɗin waje na gida. A shekara ta sake fasalin, asusun zinariya na kasarmu sun kai fiye da milyan 800. Gwamnatin Jihar ta gabatar da kudaden waje na kudin waje tare da sabon ministan kuma ta dakatar da ayyukan da aka yi a kan bashi.

"Inganta" tattalin arziki

Amincewar kudi na Witte ta kasance ci gaba da tsarin manufofi na magabatansa, wanda ta hanyar matakan da suka samo asali na tsagaita wuta da kuma katsewar musayar musayar. Saboda haka, duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don gabatar da daidaiton zinariya an halicce shi. Kamfanin wannan darajar mai daraja, farashi mai saurin haɓaka, kasafin kudi mai kyau, bunkasa kasuwancin waje da na gida, aikin da ma'aikatar kudi mai zaman kanta ta ba da gudummawa wajen "dawo da" tattalin arzikin gida da kuma karfafa cigaba a bunkasuwar masana'antu da Rasha ta kai ga cutar Ebola ta farko.

Manufofin Ministan Kudin

Sergei Yulievich Mace har shekaru goma da aka gudanar da wannan sakon kuma a lokacin wannan lokacin ya samu babba. Na gode da kokarin da aka yi, an gina tashar jiragen kasa, an kammala yarjejeniyar cinikayyar cinikayya tare da Jamus, an gabatar da ruwan inabi, wanda ya zama tushen mahimmanci na kasafin kudin jihar. Saboda sabuntawar kuɗaɗɗen kuɗi, yawan zinariya ya karu da yawa, kuma yawan adadin takardun ya ragu, wanda, a hakika, ya kara girma ga tattalin arzikin Rasha a kasuwar duniya.

Sergei Yulievich Witte ta sami nasarar "dawo da" tsarin kudi na gida, wanda ya kasance abin dogara har zuwa fashewa na yakin duniya na farko a shekara ta 1914. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa mutane da dama ba su yarda dashi ba wajen kawar da maganin bimetallic a kasar, saboda yawancin jama'a sun fara samun rashin lafiya na raka'a kuɗi, wanda hakan ya shafi ikon sayen su.

Gold Standard

Wannan ma'anar shine ma'anar zinariya a matsayin asalin kuɗin kuɗi da kuma daidai da dabi'u. Amfani da wannan tsarin shi ne cewa ba batun batun kumbura ba. A yayin da aka faɗo a cikin tattalin arziki, wannan mahimmancin karfe ya kasance a hannun masu zamani, lokacin da lamarin ya farfado, ya sake komawa cikin wurare. Amincewa da tsarin kudi na Witte na 1897 ya kasance da mahimmanci ga ci gaba da cinikayyar cinikayyar, tun lokacin da ya taimaka wajen biyan kuɗi. Gabatarwar daidaitattun zinariya ba shi da fushi da masu mallakar gidaje da manyan mutane, amma kamfanoni na 'yan kasuwa na gida sun karbi sabon cigaba don ci gaba a babban bangare saboda fitar da hatsi, wanda ya karu da haɓaka.

Matakai na farko

Amincewar kudaden Witte, wadda ta haifar da rashin zaman lafiya na tsarin kudi na rabin rabin karni na 19, ya fara ne da umurnin sarki na 1895, wanda ya ba da izinin biya ma'amaloli tare da kudin gida na zinariya ko katunan bashi a daidai lokacin da yake. Duk da haka, sababbin dabi'un kuɗi sun kasance mai jinkirin shiga cikin wurare dabam dabam. Saboda haka, Gwamnatin Jihar ta yanke shawarar sayen tsabar zinari mai kyau - 7 rubles 40 kopecks.

Matakan na ƙarshe sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da dangantakar tsakanin takarda da tsabar kudi. A shekara ta 1897, gwamnati ta yanke shawara ta gabatar da karar fata a Rasha. An fara tsabar kudi daga wannan karfe daga 1897. Na farko daga cikinsu yana da daraja 5 da 10. Har ila yau, an bayar da su ne na mulkin mallaka (15 rubles) da kuma rabin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kai rabin rabonsu. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci cewa yawanci yawancin yawancin jama'a sun fi son takardun takarda, saboda yana da sauƙi don ci gaba.

Sakamakon

Sakamakon gyaran kudi na Witte, wanda sakamakonsa ya kasance mai kyau ga masana'antun gida, an shirya shi cikin ɓoye, saboda masu ci gaba ba su da tsoro don fuskantar kotu da kuma 'yan majalisa. Gaskiyar ita ce, gabatarwar daidaitattun zinariya ya ƙarfafa wurare na bourgeoisie na Rasha, amma ya haifar da fadi a farashin kayayyakin gona. Bayan sake fasalin ya fara, wa] anda ke fa] a] a wa] anda suka fara kai hare-haren.

Duk da haka, Witte ya nemi goyon bayan sarki da kwamitin kudi na musamman kuma ya sami amincewar aikinsa. A sakamakon haka, an yi amfani da ruble rate, kuma 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida sun sami sabon ci gaban bunkasa. Matsayin tattalin arzikin gida a kasuwannin duniya ya karu, wanda ya kawo kamfanonin Rasha zuwa sabon matakin. Daya daga cikin rashin daidaito na gyare-gyaren shine karuwa a cikin bashin da Rasha ta dauka saboda janyo hankalin babban bankin kasashen waje, amma kudin bashin ya auku.

Bugu da kari, a lokacin gyare-gyaren, an sami karuwa a cikin mallakar jihar saboda kafa wani tsari na zinariya da kuma sayen jiragen ruwa a cikin mallakar mallakar kuɗin. Success ya gudana ta hanyar Witte ta fasaha tsarin kudi, wanda ya ki ya ceci kudi jama'a. Wannan tsari, ya yi tsayayya da aikin kudi, yana taimakawa wajen hada da babban birnin cikin karuwar masana'antu. Saboda haka, monetary garambawul ya ƙarfafa Rasha tattalin arziki da kuma jagorancin duniya matakin.