Brusilov Georgy Lvovich - Nazarin Arctic na Rasha: ɗan gajeren lokaci

A farkon karni na arshe, daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da suka danganci nazarin Arctic shine ci gaba da Hanyar Arewacin Tekun, wanda ya yiwu ya rage zuwa hanya mafi mahimmanci tsakanin hanyar Turai da ƙasashenmu da Gabashin Gabas. Daga cikin waɗanda suka ba da ransu don aiwatar da wannan shirin, wani dan kasar Rasha Georgy Lvovich Brusilov (1884-1914), wanda sunansa ya shiga tarihin kimiyyar Rasha har abada.

Dalili mai daraja na gidan Rasha mai daraja

Future Arctic Explorer aka haife May 19, 1884, a Odessa a cikin iyali na wani hafsa na Rasha Navy, nan gaba Admiral Lev Alekseevich Brusilov. Sunan marubuta sun kasance wuri mai daraja a tarihin kasa, ya isa ya tuna cewa dan uwan dangin George Lvovich - Alexey Alekseevich - an san shi da jarumi na yakin duniya na farko, wanda ke jagorantar nasarar da sojojin Rasha suka samu.

Shigar da Rundunar Sojan Sama a 1903, shekaru biyu daga bisani sai aka ci gaba da saurayi matasa, kuma a lokacin Russo-Japan War ya yi aiki a kan jiragen ruwa na gabashin gabas. Duk da haka, aikinsa na gaskiya ba hanyar soja bane, amma binciken kimiyya.

Farko na farko na aikin kimiyya

A karo na farko Brusilov George Lvovich ya gano kansa a waje da Arctic Circle a shekara ta 1910, ya zama dan takara a cikin jirgin ruwa, wanda aikinsa shine ya gina hanya ta Arewa. A zubar da masana kimiyya sun kasance biyu icebreakers "Taimyr" da kuma "Vaigach". Daga cikin gabas zuwa yamma tare da bakin tekun Arctic Ocean, 'yan mambobin sun tattara adadi mai yawa na kimiyya, saboda sunadaran Arctic da yawancin tsibirin da ba a sani ba. Abin tunawa da aikin da Georgy Lvovich ya yi a wannan aiki na aiki shi ne tasirin da ake kira bayansa, an sanya shi a Cape Dezhnev - matsanancin matsayi na Rasha da dukan Eurasia.

Gyara zane

Publishing rahoton game da expeditions na mashawarta waje masu bincike, a matsayin Norwegians Raul Amundsen da Fridtjof Nansen, kazalika da Amirka Robert Piri da Banasare Robert Scott, aka hadu a Rasha tare da babban amfani. Ba da fatan bayar da dabino na primacy a ci gaba da Arewa zuwa kasashen waje, kuma a matsayin dan kasar Rasha na gaskiya, mai bakin ciki saboda girman jihar, GL. Brusilov, wanda ya bi misalin matafiya biyu G. Sedov da V. Rusanov, sun yanke shawara don tsara aikinsa.

Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi wuya a kan hanyar fahimtar aikin da aka yi shine, kamar yadda ya faru, a cikin bincike don tushen kuɗin ku, tun da yake ana bukatar kudi sosai, kuma, da kaina, George Lvovich ba shi da su. Duk da haka, an gano hanya.

A shekara ta 1912, lokacin da aka yi izini, Brusilov ya sanar da kafa kamfanin haɗin gwiwar wanda ya kamata a fitar da ribar da aka samu daga farautar namun daji, wanda magoya bayansa na gaba za su halarci tafiya. Ba a sami amsa a cikin jama'a ba, wani mai goyon baya mai jarrabawa, duk da haka, ya tabbatar da danginsa su zama abokansa.

Babban masu zuba jarurruka shi ne kawunsa Boris Alekseevich Brusilov, babban dan ƙasar Rasha, da matarsa Countess Anna Nikolayevna, wanda ya ba da kyauta 90,000 rubles zuwa wannan aikin mai ban mamaki daga yanayin tattalin arziki, babban kudaden kwanakin nan.

Matsaloli a kan jirgin "Saint Anne"

Bayan haka ya magance matsalolin kudi, Brusilov Georgy Lvovich ya tafi Ingila, inda ya sayi hannu na biyu amma mai karfi mai tudu. An kira shi "Blenkatra", amma a karkashin tutar Rasha, an sake ba da shi a nan gaba don girmama babban mai saka jari na tafiyar jirgin - Countess Anna Nikolaevna kuma mai suna "Saint Anna".

Daga St. Petersburg, masanin kimiyya mai suna "Saint Anna" ya tashi a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan 1912, ya tafi zuwa Barents Sea, inda aka shirya shirin farko a kusa da ƙauyen Aleksandrovsk-on-Murmane (yanzu birnin Polar). Akwai masu shirya wannan balaguro suna jiran babban matsala. Lokacin da jirgi yake a bakin teku, wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan - da dama masu jirgin ruwa, likitan jirgi, kuma, mafi mũnin duka, mai navigator - ƙi ci gaba da tafiya.

Wannan lamarin ya zama mahimmanci. Daga cikin sauran da ke cikin jirgi, mutum biyar ne, ba tare da Brusilov da kansa ba, kuma na biyu mai suna Albanov (hotunansa da aka buga a kasa) su ne masu sana'a na sana'a, kuma wajibi ne likitoci suka yarda su cika da 'yar'uwar jinƙai wanda ya kasance tare da su. Duk da haka, duk da kome, a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, tare da samun abinci mai mahimmanci a kan jirgin, "Saint Anna" ya cigaba da tafiya.

A cikin wani duniyar ƙanƙara

Bayan mako guda daga bisani, ta isa Sea Sea, jirgin ya fuskanci raƙuman ruwa, wanda suka gudanar da tafiya har tsawon kwanaki goma, ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan hanyoyi da polynyas. Amma, a duk lokacin da aka yi amfani da kankara, dukkan masu binciken polar sun rasa iko a kan jirgin. Saboda haka, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1912, kusan shekaru biyu suka fara farawa. Da izin iska da ruwan rafi, jirgin ruwa, wanda aka daskare a kankara, a maimakon shiri a gabas, ya koma arewa da arewa maso yamma.

A watan Yuni na shekara ta 1913, jirgin ya kasance a arewacin Novaya Zemlya, kuma a gabansa an gani bayyane na yanki na teku, amma duk kokarin da za a yi a ciki ya zama banza, kuma rashin tabbas na hunturu na biyu ya zama sananne. Bayan watanni shida sai aka kai jirgin zuwa yankin Franz Josef Land.

A kan mutuwar mutuwa

A wannan lokacin, duk da cewa gaskiyar cewa an samar da kayan abinci a wasu wurare ta hanyar farauta, a kowace rana akwai rashin wadata. Sama da ma'aikatan sun rataye barazanar yunwa. A lokaci guda, man fetur wanda Brusilov ya yi amfani dashi don dumama da dafa abinci ya kare.

A halin yanzu, an yanke shawarar barin jirgin zuwa dukan ma'aikatan kuma yayi kokarin tafiya akan kankara don isa duniya. Haka kuma Brusilov Georgy Lvovich ya zauna a "Saint Anne". Abin da ya sa ya dauki wannan mummunan yanke shawara don kansa ya kasance ba a sani ba. Watakila, a matsayin jami'in Rasha, sabili da haka namiji mai daraja, ba zai iya ɗaukar wulakanci da ke biyan bashin bashi ba ga masu zuba jari. Zai yiwu, ya kasance yana shan azaba da sanin cewa ta wurin ayyukansa ya kira mutuwa, mutanen da suka bi shi. A kowane hali, ma'aikatan sun tafi hanya ba tare da shi ba.

Cutar da ƙungiyar "Saint Anne"

Babu shakka, ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin isa ga yankunan da ke zaune a bakin tekun ya yi nasara ga rashin nasara a gaba, kuma mahalarta sunyi la'akari da shi kamar yadda ya rage. Tun lokacin da Brusilov ya fara balaguro ba ya ƙunshi hanyoyin hawan ketare ba, babu kayan aiki da aka shirya musu. A sakamakon haka, dole ne ayi kayaks, sledges da sutura gashin kansu, ba tare da samun kwarewa da kwarewa ba a lokaci guda.

Duk da haka, babu wata hanyar fita, kuma a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1914 'yan wasan suka bar jirgi. Halitta Brusilova, a gaskiya, a kan wannan labari mai ban mamaki kuma ya rabu, tun da ba wani wanda ya taɓa ganinsa da rai. Amma ga sauran mambobi ne na aikin balaguro, yawancin su basu kasance da mummunar bala'i ba.

Ƙarshen hanya tsakanin cikin kankara

Bayan sunyi nazarin kallon kallon da suka dace da kuma kwatanta sakamakon su tare da taswirar da suke da su, masu bincike na polar sun ƙaddara cewa sun wuce 160 km zuwa ga mafi kusa. Duk da haka, a kan hanyar da aka rushe zuwa gefe ta hanyar drifting kankara, kuma a sakamakon haka, wannan nisa ya kara sau biyu da rabi.

Bugu da ƙari, mahimmancin sauyi da wadataccen abinci ya ba da kariya ga halin da ake ciki, tun da kawai ƙananan biscuits sun kasance daga duk wuraren ajiya na farko, wanda a fili bai isa ba don sake amfani da makamashi.

A sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin wadanda suka bar jirgi suka mutu akan hanya. Da nufin yarinyar, sai masu fashewa Albanov da marubucin Conrad suka jagoranci kungiyar. Su, frostbitten kuma kawai rayayye daga rashin, ya ɗauki jirgin "Saint Fock", hada a cikin balaguro G.Ya. Sedov.

Nemo bincike

Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa a farkon shekara ta 1914, wasu fasinjoji uku na Rasha sun ɓace - G.Ya. Sedova, V.A. Rusanova, da kuma wanda jagorancin Georgy Brusilov ya jagoranci, ya samu irin wannan mummunan hali a cikin al'umma cewa an ba da umarnin da kwamitin sulhu ya ba da umarni a kai tsaye ta majalisar ministoci. Mun gode da wannan cikin wata guda, jiragen ruwa hudu sun tafi teku.

A wannan lokacin, Arctic a kan taswirar ya gabatar dalla-dalla, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a bincika tsarin shafukan yanar gizo na mafi yawan lokuta na masu bincike na polar. Bugu da ƙari, a karo na farko a cikin tarihin duniya, fasinja a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa ya shiga aikin ceto. Farman MF.11 ne, wanda direktan Ian Nagursky ya jagoranci, ya yi tafiya a kan iyakar Novaya Zemlya da kuma yankunan da ke kusa.

Binciken ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru uku kuma an katse shi kawai dangane da abubuwan siyasa na 1917. Bincika masanin "Saint Anna" ko, a kalla, abin da ya rage ta, ya kasa. Daga bisani, a shekarar 2010, jagorancin National Park Pomorye National Park ya shirya wata hanya zuwa Franz Josef Land, wadda ta samu damar gano 'yan Adam, wanda ya kasance yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin mambobin kungiyar Albanov.

Bayanword

Duk da irin mummunan sakamako na tafiya, Brusilov Georgiy Lvovich, wanda ɗan littafinsa ya zama tushen wannan labarin, ya ba da gudummawa ga binciken Arctic. Mun gode wa kayan da aka sauke su zuwa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta sauran 'yan Albanian da suka tsira, yana yiwuwa a tsara tsarin data kasance a kan iyakar kogin bakin teku, don bayyana iyakokin tsaunin nahiyar, da kuma tsara tasirin ruwa mai suna "Saint Anna".