"B-52" - USA m. Tarihi na halitta

"B-52" - m, Boeing saki wani American kamfani a cikin 50-ies karni na karshe. Yana da aka asali raya domin bayarwa na biyu thermonuclear bama-bamai a ko'ina a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Don wannan rana ya zauna da babban jirgin sama a arsenal na dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama na Air Force of America.

Tarihi na halitta

B-52 Stratofortress - soja brainchild na daya daga cikin mafi girma da jirgin sama masana'antu hukumomi a duniya - da American Boeing Company. A Rasha harshen, ta cikakken suna da aka fassara a matsayin "iska castle". Its raya fara a cikin 1950s lokacin da kamfanin fara zuwa tsirar biyu ƙarni na soja jirgin sama, wato kai harin. A jirgin sama da aka yi nufi ga maye gurbin biyu mazan model: B-36 da kuma B-47. Marubucin na farko model ya kamfanin Convair, na biyu - Boeing.

Hukumomin Amurka sun yanke shawarar maye gurbin fistan kai harin da kuma sanar da ba da gasar a tsakanin zane ofisoshin don ƙirƙirar dabarun jet jirgin sama. A yi hamayya da aka sanar bayan karshen yakin duniya na II, a shekarar 1946. A yi hamayya dauki bangare uku kamfanonin - da riga mai suna shiga Douglas. Ya kamata a lura da cewa yayin da babu wani daga saman soja shugabannin bai yi imani da yiwuwar wani nauyi jet jirgin sama, don haka ko da tare da wani fanni a wuce haddi na 13 dubu. Kilomita. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya, designers, da 'yan kasuwa sun fara tare da babbar sha'awa su ɓãta wadannan son zuciya.Magana. Su aiki da aka kirkiro domin ba kawai wani m da kuma dabarun da makami mai linzami da outbound.

Neman matsalar, kowa ya san yadda za a zama "B-52" (m). Yadda aka wannan sabon jirgin sama domin ta lokaci, abin da Ya shiryar da? Ir? Convair kamfanin, shan a matsayin dalilin wani fistan B-36, ya yi ĩmãni cimma manufofinta, ta hanyar installing wani jet engine da reshe a cikin nau'i na kibiyoyi. Na biyu takara, Douglas, ya tsara wani sabon gaba ɗaya mota, wanda alama sun zama turboprops. Boeing yanke shawarar yin aiki tare da su zuwa kafa matsakaici m B-47 da kuma inganta ta yi wa wani dabarun matakin.

Construction na Boeing Company

The kungiyar, wanda aka tsunduma a cikin ci gaban da aikin a karkashin aiki suna "Model 464", hada da shida jagorancin kwararru, wadda kusan a cikin wannan bangare na aiki a kan B-47. A band fara na farko zane jirgin sama "B-52". M, da halaye na abin da suke mafi girma fiye da wadanda suke a cikin jiragen sama, halitta da kamfanin a baya, nema sababbin dabaru da kuma mafita. A musamman, ya bayyana a fili cewa so jirgin nisan miloli da kuma sa ran makamai nauyin 4.5 ton ya kunsa da karuwa a Take-kashe nauyi na na'ura up to 150 tons. Wannan shi ne sau biyu cikin kudi na baya tsara jirgin sama. Har ila yau, gudun, bisa ga fasaha da bukatun, ya kamata isa 960 km / h.

Don warware matsaloli a cikin yin amfani da karfe turbojets J-57. Su Rod ya 3.4 tons. An yanke shawarar kafa guda takwas irin injuna. Hada a hudu sets, suka shigar a cikin fikafikanta daga cikin jirgin saman da taimakon babbar pylons, ya bayyana a gaban fuka-fuki. A lokaci guda ga iyakar tsaye kwanciyar hankali na jirgin sama keel aka gina high isa. Domin man fetur, ƙara da abin da ya kamata ya kasance ishe intercontinental jirgin, ta ƙara sarari ciki da reshe zuwa wani yanki na 371,6 square. m.

Hukumomin Amurka ba da raya kamfani "Boeing", "B-52". American m aka amince a shekara ta 1947, da kuma kamfanin samu a jihar domin, ya sanya hannu a kwangilar biyu prototypes.

gwajin

A farko samfur, wanda da soja da aka bai nadi "XB-52", da aka shirya a karshen Nuwamba 1951. Duk da haka, har da na'ura na shirye na farko gwajin, shi gudanar ya ji rauni. Domin kada ya lalata suna daga cikin kamfanin, mun yanke shawarar ba don kiran gaskiya dalilai domin dawo da jirgin sama zuwa ga shuka. Test dakatar bayyana bukatar kafa ƙarin hardware. A sakamakon haka, da dama daga farko jirgin da aka canjawa wuri zuwa wani, na biyu na'ura, kaddamarda da sojoji a matsayin "YB-52". Yana da aka kammala a tsakiyar Maris 1952.

A tsakiyar watan Afrilu, ya fara gudu gwaje-gwaje na "B-52". The m aka Fitted tare da shasi ake kira keke type, wanda yake shi ne m m zane. A shasi ne mai hudu wheeled sigogi (shigar a cikin jirgin sama fuselage raba sako ga kowane daga cikinsu) an sanye take da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa da iko da kuma Autobrake. Bugu da kari, da zanen cire da na'ura dependencies a kan yanayin yanayi a lokacin takeoff da kuma saukowa don haka da cewa ƙafafun na shasi zane ba ka damar kafa su a wani kwana ga tsakiyar axis na airframe. Saboda haka, da ciwon samu bayanai a kan iska gudun da kuma shugabanci, da matukan jirgin, ta amfani da tebur lissafi iya positioned dabaran haka da cewa jirgin sama da aka motsi a kaikaice a lokacin da gudu na tsiri. An wannan fasaha fasalin da ya ja hankalin jama'a a lokacin da wani aikin hukuma na yi shekaru biyu baya.

Lokacin da gwajin da aka gama, inji hukumance samu da sunan "B-52 Stratofortress", ma'ana "iska castle". Duk da haka, da gwaninta na gwajin matukan jirgin, musamman babbar sha'awa ba su sãɓã ba. A matsala a lokacin da jirgin tsĩrar da man fetur tankuna a fuka-fuki cavities - suna kullum yayyo. Iskhitryatsya ya dakatar da zuba a lokacin da jirgin.

Mutane da yawa tambayoyi sa da ƙungiya ejection tsarin: hadari a bar jirgin sama da catapult ne kawai zai yiwu daga wani tsawo na uku da ɗari mita. A maharbin aka located a raya ɓangare na bayan gida da kuma elektropechka aka shigar a cikin gida. A lokacin da jirgin na kibiyoyi shi ya kusan zama ruwan dare daga ƙungiya da kuma kiyaye kawai rediyo lamba tare da shi. Haka kuma, idan aka ki, da gwani ya san abin da aka faruwa tare da jirgin sama. Da zarar shi ne dalilin da wani ya faru tare da "B-52". M yayin da ake tashi a wani hadiri yana cikin iska rafi zuwa ƙasa. Maharbin, tunanin cewa jirgin saman saukad, fitad, ta haka aka tilasta jefa kashe na'ura gun. Ya rashin matukan jirgi samu riga a ƙasa.

serial gyara

"B-52", Stratofortress m, tashi a kan na'ura mai bel a shekarar 1955. Na farko saki a gyara daga cikin jerin - "B-52A" - ya shiga wani dabarun iska karfi a watan Yuni. Aircraft amfani ga horar da ma'aikatan jirgin, da kuma tuki cikin tsari MOTA KE SHAN MAI jirgin sama cikin iska. Bayan wani gajeren lokaci bar "B-52B". Total saki hamsin jirgin sama na wannan canji. Inji wannan jerin suna da cikakken shiri domin fama manufa da al'ada da kuma makaman nukiliya a kan jirgin. Don yin wannan, suka manned da mafi m engine tare da wata dirka 4,62 ths. Ton da sighting kuma kewayawa tsarin. Don nuna ikon da B-52 (m) ya tafi a kan ba a daina zagaye duniya jirgin, ya yi koyi a kan hanyar harbe wani nukiliya hari.

A zanga-zanga da aka samu halartar shida jirgin sama hari, wanda ya dauki a cikin sama daga Airfield barikin soji Castle (California) a cikin sa'a guda daga yini Janairu 16, 1957. A lokacin da jirgin da a total tsawon 39.2 dubu. Km "B-52" m ya sha MOTA KE SHAN MAI hanya (a watan Agusta), da kuma sau hudu. Duk da haka, ba duka jiragen sama gudanar ya yi musu da hanyarsu. A cikin sa'o'i, wani makami mai linzami sanya gaggawa saukowa a Ingila. M engine gazawar ne dalilin da gazawar da wani jirgin sama cewa hadarin komai a fili a Labrador. Sauran motoci uku daga baya bai cika kwana biyu sun sauka a wani airbase kusa Los Angeles. Saboda mummunan yanayi a manufa da suka isa rabin awa daga baya.

Route, wanda hada da wani jirgin a kan Newfoundland, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Ceylon, Malaysia (a nan housed al'ada soja haƙiƙa), da Philippines, Guinea da kuma tushe na Castle, ya dauki 45 hours 19 da minti. Jirgin ya faru a wani m tsawo 10,7-15,2 dubu. Mita a gudun 865 km / h. Lokacin da gabatowa da manufa matukar fama gudun aka ƙara zuwa 965 km / h. Ƙara yawan man fetur ko abin wuta da jirgin sama a lokacin da jirgin a kan tekun Atlantic, Bahar Rum, Saudi Arabia da kuma Philippines. Don bunkasa sakamako na MOTA KE SHAN MAI ya faru dare da rana da kuma a cikin wani yanayin. Kafin fara aiwatar rage da makami mai linzami tsawo, gudun a cikin wannan yanayin ne 400-480 km / h.

Yana da daraja ambata cewa zagaye na farko da duniya jirgin da aka yi da jirgin sama "B-50", a shekarar 1949 da kuma dauki 94 hours.

A cikin uku jerin jiragen sama - "B-52C" - sa ma fi girma gogayya injuna - 5.4 tons. Kawai 35 motoci da aka samar a 1956. By maye gurbin pneumatic starters a kan foda gaza biyar sau to rage tsawon shuka duk injuna - da rabi zuwa minti shida. Bugu da kari, an mika yiwuwar yin amfani da makamai. A cikin "B-52" (m, mai linzami) saita sabon cruise makamai masu linzami, da dabarun code-mai suna "Hound Kare" (hound kare). Tafiyarsu domin fama ƙararrawa don rage tsawon titin jiragen sama matukan jirgi a iya amfani da a matsayin totur turbojets makamai masu linzami. Sa'an nan da makamai masu linzami daga tankuna refueled a jirgin.

asara

A farkon shekarun 1960s, ya fara amfani da jirgin sama don dalilin da akayi nufi. "B-52" - m sverhalny makami mai linzami - tsara don isar da makaman nukiliya a wani bangare na Tarayyar Soviet. Mun fara da farko na ƙiyashi bincike flights tare jihar kan iyakoki na Tarayyar Soviet. Ya kamata a fahimci cewa hadarin da irin wannan jirgin sama cushe da makaman nukiliya warheads, zai iya sauƙi shirya wani Hiroshima. A halin yanzu, da gaggawa halin da ake ciki "B-52" sun faru tare da m tsari. Hadari da makaman nukiliya ne code sunan "Broken Kibiya." Mafi yawa daga cikin hatsarori faru da wadannan jiragen sama a kan United States, kazalika da sada zumunci da kasashe sama.

Saboda haka, a shekarar 1958, akwai wani da farko hatsari a cikin ƙasa na Jihar North Carolina, inda matukin jirgin kuskure jefa wani bam a kan rufin wani gida. A sakamakon haka, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa na shida mutane suka ji rauni. A shekarar 1961, a wannan jiha sun ragu da jirgin saman kanta, da duka bam rushe. A shekara daga baya, a wannan jiha ya fadi m da iri biyu "Hound Kare" makamai masu linzami a Goldsboro.

A farko bala'i ya faru a waje da United States a shekarar 1966, lokacin da wani sintiri submarine karo da "KC-135" a cikin sama a kan Spain. Wata roka fadi zuwa cikin Bahar Rum, uku mafi fadi a kan kauyen Palomares. Saboda jawo detonator dukan garin ya kamu da plutonium. Karshe a hukumance promulgated da hadarin ya faru a tekun na Greenland a 1968, lokacin da kona jirgin bai isa Airfield da ya fado zuwa kasa na bay. A sakamakon haka, da cutar da aka yankin shida murabba'in kilomita.

Recent gyare-gyare

Daga shekarar 1956 zuwa shekarar 1983, mun halitta biyar gyare-gyare. Series "B-52D" da aka bayar a cikin adadin 101 da jirgin sama. A cikin wannan jerin, za mu taqaitaccen keel da kuma ingantattun sighting tsarin. A na gaba karshe - E - saki kawai da ɗaya da ɗari jirgin sama. An ƙarfafa reshe. Bugu da kari, designers shigar kayan aiki da damar ka ka tashi a low altitudes. More man fetur-ingantaccen injuna da aka shigar a cikin jerin F, wanda hada da 89 da jirgin sama. Daya daga cikin su juya a kira su da wani ban tausayi rabo. A shekarar 1961, a lokacin motsa jiki da aka yi aiki matukar hari faɗa jirgin sama jerin "B-52F". A jirgin saman soja matukin kuskure kora wani makami mai linzami da kuma harbe saukar da wani dan kunar bakin waken. All uku ma'aikatan jirgin suka mutu. Bayan wannan episode, da jirgin sama ya kashe tare da irin darussan.

The most yawan makami mai linzami zo a cikin gaba jerin "B-52". Kai harin gyara G bayar a cikin adadin 193 guda domin shekaru hudu tun shekarar 1958. Gogayya engine aka ƙara to 6.34 ton, mafi capacious jirgin sama man fetur tankuna da aka kara. A karshe jerin - N - samar har 1962, kawai 102 suka fito daga cikin jirgin saman. Gogayya Motors riga kunsa 7,71 tons. man fetur yadda ya dace ya karu da jirgin nesa daga 2.7 kilomita dubu -. to 16,7 kilomita dubu .. Wannan jirgin sama kafa a duniya rikodin ga yawan jirgin sa'o'i ba tare da MOTA KE SHAN MAI :. 20,17 kilomita dubu aka shawo kan a 22 hours da kuma 9 minti. Kuma a 2006, wannan gyara da makami mai linzami ya tashi bakwai ƙarfe a kan wani roba man fetur.

Daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1984 jirgin sama jerin B / C / D / F "B-52" da aka yi ritaya US Army. Tare da ƙarshen Cold War cewa sa daga rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, suka cire daga fama wajibi. Saboda haka, ta 1992 sojojin bar 159 makami mai linzami gyare-gyare G kuma H. The shirye-shirye a fagen makamai daga Rasha sa a total rage wadannan wake. A shekarar 2008, sauran H-Series da inji kuma fara rage. A wannan lokaci a cikin sojojin suka 68 makami mai linzami, wanda zai zama a cikin sabis har 2040. Yana iya zama cewa wadannan jirage za su zama zakarun tsawon lokacin amfani. Kai harin halarci a kusan dukkanin sojojin Amurka rikicin.

halaye na

"B-52" - a jet dabarun m, sanye take da takwas injuna. Ya piloted shida ma'aikatan jirgin. Daga cikin manyan halaye za a iya kira a wingspan cewa shi ne 56,39 mita, mai ƙwanso - 49,05 mita Height - 12.4 mita. kai-kashe nauyi zuwa 221,5 ton aka cimma tare da na karshe gyara. Mahada kowane mota ne 7,71 tons. Distance waste daga jirgin sama ne daidai to 2.9 thous. M. A iyakar gudu da cewa tasowa m ne 1013 km / h. Shi yana da radius daga tashin a 7730 kilomita.

A kan jirgin da makami mai linzami saka shida-barreled 20-mm igwa, wanda aka located in raya na jirgin sama. "The iska castle" tsara don yaƙar kaya daga sama zuwa 31,5 ton na bama-bamai. Bugu da kari, da makami mai linzami da aka sanye take da mafi kayayyakin zamani ga nasara hali na lantarki yaƙi. A musamman, da na'ura saka kanta misinformation amo da tsangwama, ƙaiƙayi da na'ura infrared tarkuna.

Tun da farko wannan shekara, jami'an Amurka sun yada bayanai game da sabon versions "B-52". M, wanda aka halin da tsarin sake saiti batu amai kawai a kan na waje majajjawa bawo, ana yanzu sanye take da wani "mai kaifin" tsarin. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga hukuma posts, daidaici-shiryar da tarin harsasai za a yanzu za a sanya a cikin bam bay. Shigarwa na sabon tsarin zai kara da damar da jirgin sama a kalla 50%. Bugu da kari, shi zai cire "smart" ragargaza daga waje dakatar, wanda rage man fetur amfani da 15%, kazalika da taimako domin tabbatar da ganin an tsare sirri na bayani game da abokan gaba, wanda makamai za su zama m.

A kwangila daraja 24.6 dala miliyan, Boeing samu a farkon shekarar bara. An shirya cewa sabon tsarin za a sa a cikin sabis a farkon shekara ta 2016. Har ila yau a cikin shirin na soja zuwa daidaita "B-52" karkashin drones.

Aviation "kakanninsa"

American "Bed da-52" - da m, wanda tun daga ranar farko na zama kullum aka kwatanta da Soviet dabarun jirgin sama na wannan aji na Tu-95. Masana sun soja jirgin sama, duka biyu jirgin sama Kwafa da "kakan m jirgin sama." Dukansu inji aka sanya a cikin Air Force a kasashen biyu fiye da 60 shekaru, da jurewa na yau da kullum zamani. Rasha kishiya da sojojin Amurka da ake kira, kamar yadda shi ne banal, bear. Muhawara game da wanda mota ne mafi alhẽri, kuma ga wasu Manuniya, ci gaba da zuwa wannan rana. Soja masana lura cewa duka jirgin sama sun kasance a wani juyin hanya daga sauki ga dabarun makami mai linzami m. Inji masu kama da dama sauran siffofin, misali, duka biyu da jirgin zangon wucewa goma kilomita dubu. Bugu da ƙari, abokan gaba ta ƙasa aka samu da biyu inji a wani tsari, ba ma a wani madaidaiciya line motsi. A lokaci guda, mai girma gudun tasowa ta Amirka "B-52". M idan aka kwatanta da Tu-95 accelerates zuwa dubu. Km / h, matsakaicin gudun "gawa" kai 850 km / h.

Duk da haka, akwai wani yawan halaye da wanda gida mota mai yawa fiye da ta kasashen waje kishiyoyinsu. Wadannan sigogi, musamman, dangantaka Higher dace injuna - a kalla sau biyu. A cewar masana, da jirgin kewayon 10-12 dubu. Km na Amurka m "B-52" ciyarwa 160-170 ton na jirgin sama da man fetur, yayin da Rasha da jirgin sama a wannan nesa za su yi kawai 80 ton.

Domestic masana a cikin soja harkokin da unflattering comments game da injuna. A cewar su, da amfani da Tu-95 qarya a cikin gaskiyar cewa duk hudu injuna suna sanye take da counter-juyawa sukurori. Saboda haka, ta AMINCI suka samar da gida makami mai linzami dako ɗaukaka a cikin "B-52". Amurka m sanye take da takwas injuna, amma suka kawo da yawa matsalolin da samun wajen raunana yi. A cewar masana, evidenced da asarar kasashen waje soja iska raka'a. Saboda haka, mun sani cewa daga cikin 740 bayar da tsĩrar da su da motocin sojin, suka gudanar da rasa 120 da jirgin sama. Haka kuma, shi ya kasance wani American m "B-52" Ya sa asarar dama thermonuclear bama-bamai, wanda ba su samu zuwa wannan rana. Wasu jayayya da cewa bama-bamai da aka rasa a cikin ƙasa na Greenland da tekun na Portugal.

Tausasãwa na makami mai linzami kayan aiki

The sojojin dukan ƙasashe, da kuma musamman manyan ikokin kamar Rasha da kuma Amurka, wanda su ne mafi girma kera makamai, shiga a cikin unspoken, da kuma wani lokacin a bude gasa. Aviation - wannan shi ne daya yankin na m gasar. Zama Sarkin sama - abin da zai iya zama mafi babbar ga wani soja aiki? Rasha da kuma Amirka kai harin ne kullum idan aka kwatanta. Alal misali, Amirkawa sun sha kawo sunayensu data goyon bayan da magabaci na inji kan a kan m makami mai linzami da bam kaya kusan sau da yawa.

Rasha masana suna karkata da su bi wannan da'awar da shakka. Soja masana ga wani dalilin wassu sharudda amince da sauran jam'iyyar, tun da wadannan bayanai suna amfani da kayan magudi. Idan muka yi magana da ãdalci, amma ma'aikatan jirgin kwamandan yana da cikakken ra'ayin da yawan bindigogi a kan jirgin. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a duniya, most thermonuclear warhead ya jefa shi a jirgin kasar Rasha. Ikon kika aika ragargaza daidaita 50 miliyan. Ton na TNT, da fashe-fashe a lokacin gwaji har sau uku circled da Duniya. The zargin da aka jefa shi a cikin ƙasa na New Duniya.

Tashi daga toka

"B-52" - m (. Photos, gani) zai dawo cikin sahu na Air Force of America. A labarai da wannan yada a farkon Maris 2015. A fada baya layuka "B-52H", qazanta da sunan "Tsarki Rider" (Tsarki Rider), wanda aka rubuta kashe bakwai da suka wuce. Ya aka saki a 1962 da kuma kammala Flying aiki a 2008. Tun daga nan, na yi a Tucson (Arizona) a kan abin da ake kira jirgin sama hurumi. Ana nufin maye gurbin lalace kama na'ura. Gyara jirgin sama ya dauki watanni da dama. Ya samu nasarar wuce jirgin gwaje-gwaje, a lokacin da tafiya fiye da 1.6 dubu. Km. Bayan haka, ya aka sa a wani sansanin jiragen sama a Louisiana. Ga gyare-gyare kammala da karshe gwajin.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin United States soja tarihi ne karo na farko da wani soke zama "B-52" kõmo zuwa mataki fama tsarin. Kamar yadda ya bayyana daga wakilan da Air Force, shi ne zai maye gurbin wannan jirgin sama, wanda ya kone saukar a kan tushen da ta gyara zai kudin da yawa fiye da tsada.