Fusion reactors a duniya. A farko Fusion reactor

Yau, kasashen da dama ana shan kashi a Fusion bincike. Shugabannin su ne European Union, Amurka, Rasha da kuma Japan, yayin da kasar Sin ta shirin, Brazil, Canada da kuma Korea suna kara karuwa. Da farko, Fusion reactors a Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet da aka nasaba da ci gaban da makaman nukiliya da kuma zauna asiri har sai da taron "kwayoyin halitta for Peace", wadda aka gudanar a birnin Geneva a shekarar 1958. Bayan halittar Soviet tokamak bincike na nukiliya Fusion a cikin 1970s shi ya zama "babban kimiyya". Amma da kudin da wuya daga cikin na'urorin da ya karu zuwa wurin da cewa kasa da kasa hadin kai shi ne kawai damar matsawa gaba.

Fusion reactors a duniya

Tun lokacin da 1970s, farkon kasuwanci amfani da Fusion makamashi ne kullum dakatarda shekara 40. Duk da haka, da yawa ya faru a 'yan shekarun nan, yin wannan zamani za a iya taqaitaccen.

Gina dama tokamaks, ciki har da jet Turai, Birtaniya da Mast Thermonuclear gwajin reactor TFTR a Princeton, USA. The duniya ITER aikin ne a halin yanzu a karkashin gini a Cadarache, France. Yana zai zama mafi girma a tokamak cewa zai yi aiki a cikin shekara 2020. A 2030, kasar Sin za a gina CFETR, wanda zai wuce da ITER. A halin yanzu, kasar Sin tana gudanar da bincike a kan wani gwaji superconducting tokamak gabas.

Fusion reactors wasu irin - stellarators - kuma rare daga masu bincike. Daya daga cikin mafi girma, LHD, ya koma Japan National Institute for Fusion a 1998. Ana amfani don bincika mafi kyau sanyi na Magnetic jini kurkuku. Jamus Max Planck Cibiyar lokacin daga shekarar 1988 zuwa 2002, gudanar da bincike a kan Wendelstein 7-AS reactor a Garching, da kuma yanzu - a Wendelstein 7-X, da gina wanda dade fiye da shekaru 19. Wani stellarator TJII sarrafa a Madrid, Spain. A Amurka Princeton awon jini kimiyyar lissafi (PPPL), inda ya gina na farko nukiliya Fusion reactor na da irin wannan a 1951, a 2008 ya tsaya da gina NCSX saboda kudin overruns da kuma rashin ku] i.

Bugu da kari, muhimmiyar nasarori a cikin bincike na inertial fe. Building National ƙonewa Facility (nIdan) daraja $ 7 biliyan a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), a] en da National tsaron nukiliya Administration, aka kammala a watan Maris na 2009, Faransa Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) fara aiki a watan Oktoba 2014. Fusion reactors amfani lasers tsĩrar da a cikin 'yan billionths na biyu kamar 2 da miliyan joules haske makamashi a wata manufa size da dama millimeters to fara nukiliya fe. Manufar nIdan da LMJ ne gudanar da bincike don tallafawa kasar da makaman nukiliya shirye-shirye.

ITER

A shekarar 1985, Tarayyar Soviet samarwa don gina wata gaba tsara tokamak tare da Turai, Japan da kuma Amurka. A aikin da aka gudanar a karkashin laimar da hukumar IAEA. A lokacin daga shekarar 1988 zuwa shekarar 1990, an halitta na farko zayyana na kasa da kasa Thermonuclear gwajin reactor da ITER, wanda kuma na nufi "hanya" ko "tafiya" a Latin, domin tabbatar da cewa Fusion iya samar da karin makamashi fiye da shi garwaya. Canada da kuma Kazakhstan dauki bangare sulhu tsakani da Euratom da kuma Rasha, bi da bi.

Bayan shekaru 6 na ITER Majalisar amince da farko hadaddun reactor zane dangane da kafa kimiyyar lissafi da kuma fasahar daraja $ 6 biliyan. Sa'an nan da Amurka ta janye daga Kamfanin, wanda hakan ya tilasta da zabtare cikin halin kaka da kuma canza aikin. A sakamakon haka shi da ITER-FEAT daraja $ 3 billion., Amma ba za ka iya cimma wani kai-riƙe dauki, da kuma tabbatacce balance mulki.

A 2003, {asar Amirka sake shiga Kamfanin, kuma kasar Sin ta sanar da sha'awar shiga a cikin shi. A sakamakon haka, a tsakiyar shekarar 2005, da abokan amince a kan gina ITER a Cadarache a kudancin Faransa. EU da kuma Faransa sun yi rabin na EUR 12.8 biliyan, yayin da Japan, China, Korea ta Kudu, da Amurka da kuma Rasha - 10% kowane. Japan samar da high gyara dauke shigarwa kudin IFMIF 1 biliyan yi nufi ga gwajin kayan da ya da hakkin ya kafa gaba gwajin reactor. Jimlar kudin da ITER hada da rabin kudin wani 10-shekara yi da kuma rabin - a kan shekaru 20 na aiki. India ta zama ta bakwai memba na ITER a karshen shekarar 2005

A gwaje-gwajen ne za a fara a cikin shekara ta 2018 tare da yin amfani da hydrogen domin kauce wa kunnawa da maganadiso. Amfani da dt jini ba a sa ran kafin 2026

Nufa ITER - samar da megawatt 500 (a kalla for 400 seconds) yin amfani da kasa da 50 MW shigar da ikon ba tare da samar da wutar lantarki.

Dvuhgigavattnaya Demo zanga-zanga shuka zai samar da manyan sikelin- samar da wutar lantarki na dundundun. Demo na ra'ayi zane za a kammala ta a shekara ta 2017, kuma ta yi za su fara a 2024. Fara zai faru a 2033.

jet

A shekarar 1978, kungiyar EU (Euratom, Sweden da kuma Switzerland) sun fara wani hadin gwiwa Turai jet aikin a Birtaniya. Jet ne a halin yanzu mafi girma aiki tokamak a duniya. Irin wannan reactor JT-60 aiki a cikin Japan National Institute of Fusion, amma kawai jet iya amfani da deuterium-tritium man fetur.

A reactor da aka kaddamar a 1983 kuma shi ne na farko gwaji a wadda sarrafawa thermonuclear Fusion zuwa 16 MW da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1991 a karo na biyu 5 MW da kuma barga ikon zuwa deuterium-tritium jini. Mutane da yawa gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar da su karatu da daban-daban dumama haihuwarka da sauran dabaru.

Bugu da ari inganta kebanci jet kara iyãwarsa. Mast m reactor da aka ɓullo da tare da jet kuma ITER ne wani ɓangare na aikin.

K-STAR

K-STAR - Korean superconducting tokamak National Institute for Fusion Nazarin (NFRI) a Daejeon, wanda fitar da farko jini a tsakiyar shekara ta 2008. Wannan shi ne wani matukin jirgi aikin ITER, wanda shi ne sakamakon kasa da kasa da hadin gwiwa. Tokamak radius daga 1.8 m - na farko reactor yin amfani da superconducting maganadiso Nb3Sn, wannan da cewa za a yi amfani da ITER. A lokacin farko zamani, wanda ya ƙare a 2012, K-STAR da su tabbatar da viability na asali fasaha da kuma cimma jini bugun jini tsawon zuwa 20 seconds. A na biyu lokaci (2013-2017) ne da za'ayi don nazarin ta zamani dogon hatsaisai na har zuwa 300 s in H yanayin, da kuma mika mulki ga sosai AT-yanayin. Dalilin da uku lokaci (2018-2023) shi ne a cimma high yi da kuma yadda ya dace a cikin dogon bugun jini yanayin. A mataki 4 (2023-2025) za a gwada DEMO fasaha. The na'urar ne ba su iya aiki tare da tritium dt da kuma man fetur amfani.

K-DEMO

Tsara tare da haɗin gwiwar Princeton jini Physics Laboratory (PPPL) US Department of Energy da Koriya ta Kudu Cibiyar NFRI, K-DEMO ya zama mataki na gaba zuwa ga halittar kasuwanci reactors bayan da ITER, kuma za su zama na farko ikon shuka iya samar da iko ga lantarki Grid, wato, 1 miliyan kilowatts zuwa 'yan makonni. Its diamita zai zama 6,65 m, kuma shi zai sami wani bargo module generated da aikin DEMO. Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Fasaha na Korea shirin zuba jari a cikin shi game da wani tiriliyan Korean won ($ 941 da miliyan).

GABAS

Sin matukin inganta superconducting tokamak (gabas) a Cibiyar Physics a kasar Sin Hefee halitta hydrogen jini da zazzabi miliyan 50 ° C da kuma kiyaye shi ga 102 seconds.

TFTR

A Amirka, dakin gwaje-gwaje PPPL gwaji thermonuclear reactor TFTR yi aiki daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1997. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1993, ya zama na farko da TFTR Magnetic tokamak, wanda sanya m gwaje-gwajen da jini na deuterium-tritium. A cikin wadannan, da reactor samar da rikodin yayin da sarrafawa da ikon 10.7 MW, kuma a 1995, da rikodin na zazzabi da aka cimma ionized gas zuwa 510 miliyan ° C. Duk da haka, da kafuwa bai yi nasara breakeven Fusion ikon, amma an samu nasarar cika burin na zayyana da hardware, yin wani gagarumin taimako ga ITER.

LHD

LHD a Japan National Institute for nukiliya Fusion a toki, Gifu Prefecture, shi ne mafi girma stellarator a duniya. An fara da Fusion reactor ya faru a 1998, ya kuma nuna ingancin jini kurkuku, m zuwa wasu manyan shigarwa. Yana da aka kai 13.5 keV ion zazzabi (game da miliyan 160 ° C) da kuma makamashi na 1,44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

Bayan shekara da gwaji, farko a marigayi 2015, da helium zafin jiki a cikin wani gajeren lokaci ya kai miliyan 1 ° C. A shekara ta 2016 The thermonuclear reactor tare da hydrogen jini amfani da wani 2 MW, da zazzabi kai miliyan 80 ° C for kwata na biyu. W7-X stellarator shi ne mafi girma a duniya da kuma ake shirya ya kasance a ci gaba da aiki har tsawon minti 30. The kudin na reactor zambar € biliyan 1.

nIdan

National ƙonewa Facility (nIdan) a aka kammala a watan Maris na 2009, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) shekara. Amfani da ta 192 Laser bim, da nIdan da yake iya mayar da hankali 60 sau fiye da makamashi fiye da kowane baya Laser tsarin.

Cold Fusion

A watan Maris shekarar 1989, biyu masu bincike, American Stenli Pons da kuma Martin Fleischmann Birtaniya, ya ce sun kaddamar da sauki tebur sanyi Fusion reactor, aiki a dakin da zazzabi. A tsari kunshi a electrolysis nauyi ruwa ta amfani da wani palladium lantarki a wadda deuterium nuclei aka mayar da hankali tare da wani high yawa. Da masu bincike jayayya da cewa samar da zafi, wanda za a iya bayyana kawai cikin sharuddan nukiliya matakai, kazalika akwai gefen kayayyakin na kira, ciki har da helium, tritium da neutrons. Duk da haka, wasu experimenters kasa rubanya wannan kwarewa. Mafi yawa daga cikin kimiyya al'umma ba yi imani da cewa sanyi Fusion reactors ne real.

Low-makamashi nukiliya halayen

Qaddamar da da'awar da "sanyi fe" gudanar da bincike ci gaba a fagen low makamashi nukiliya halayen, tare da wasu empirical support, amma ba kullum yarda da kimiyya bayani. Hakika, mai rauni nukiliya interactions (da ba wani karfi da karfi, kamar yadda a cikin nukiliya fission ko kira) ana amfani da su haifar da kama na neutrons. Gwaje-gwajen hada da shigar azzakari cikin farji na hydrogen ko deuterium ta hanyar kara kuzari gado da kuma dauki tare da karfe. Da masu bincike rahoton da ya lura da makamashi saki. Babban m misali ne da dauki na hydrogen da nickel foda da zafi, da yawan wanda shi ne mafi girma fiye da na iya bayar da wani sinadaran dauki.