Liquid helium: halaye da kuma kaddarorin da kayan

Helium da dangantaka da wani rukuni daga daraja gas. Liquid helium ne coldest ruwa a duniya. Wannan tara jihar shi yana da yawan musamman fasali, kamar superfluidity da jejjerawa. Read more game da kaddarorin, mun koyi on.

gas helium

Helium - mai sauki abu, shi ne tartsatsi a cikin sararin samaniya ne a wani gaseous jihar. A lokaci-lokaci tebur, da kuma na biyu shi ne nan da nan bayan hydrogen. A nasa ne da inert ko daraja gas.

A kashi ake magana a kai a matsayin «Ya». Tare da Girkanci harshe ma'anar sunansa "Sun". Da farko an zaci cewa wannan karfe. Duk da haka, shi ya juya waje cewa yana da wani monatomic gas. Helium ne na biyu da sinadaran ga sauƙi, ba shi da wani dandano, launi da kuma wari. Yana yana da mafi ƙasƙanci tafasar batu.

Karkashin al'ada hali, shi ne manufa gas. Har ila yau, gas, shi ne iya a wani m da wani ruwa jihar. Its inertia aka bayyana a cikin low-aiki hulda da sauran abubuwa. Shi ne kusan insoluble a ruwa. A cikin masana'antu aikace-aikace shi ne samar daga iskar gas, raba impurities da wani karfi sanyaya.

A gas iya zama haɗari ga mutane. An karuwa a cikin taro cikin iska take kaiwa zuwa wani rashin oxygen a cikin jini, wanda a magani da ake kira anoxia. Da zarar a cikin jiki a yawa, shi sa amai da asarar sani, kuma wani lokacin mutuwa.

helium liquefaction

Duk wani gas iya wuce zuwa cikin ruwa Jihar tari a karkashin wani yanayi. Liquefaction ne fiye da amfani a masana'antu, kazalika da a kimiyya da bincike. Ga wasu abubuwa kawai kara matsa lamba. Wasu, kamar helium, a cikin wani ruwa jihar bayyana ne kawai bayan sanyaya.

Idan gas zafin jiki ne sama da m batu, shi ba zai yi cunkoso, abin da matsa lamba. Ga m batu zafin jiki na helium ne 5, 19 Kelvin, domin shi ya sa ya 3He isotope 3.35 K.

Liquid helium ne kusan cikakkiyar ruwa. An halin rashin surface tashin hankali, danko. Bayan da canji a matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki, ta girma kasance iri guda. Liquid helium yana da wani musamman low tashin hankali. The abu ne mai colorless kuma sosai m.

Properties na ruwa helium

The ruwa helium da wuya a bayyane saboda talauci refracts haske haskoki. A wasu yanayi, yana da kaddarorin wani jimla na ruwa. Saboda wannan a karkashin al'ada matsa lamba da shi ba a daskarar ko a zazzabi na -273,15 Celsius (cikakkar sifili). All sauran san kayan taurara karkashin irin wannan yanayi.

Liquid helium zazzabi a wadda ta fara tafasa, shi ne -268,9 digiri Celsius. The jiki Properties na ta isotopes bambanta da yawa. Saboda haka, helium-4 tafasa a zazzabi na 4.215 K.

Yana da wani Bose ruwa, halin da lokaci mika mulki a zazzabi na 2.172 Kelvin da kasa. Phase II ne halin ba superfluidity da sverhteploprovodimostyu. A zazzabi ba m lokaci I da na II ba faruwa lokaci guda, inda biyu bayyana a cikin ruwa sauti gudu.

Helium-3 ne Fermi ruwa. Tafasa a zazzabi na 3.19 Kelvin. Isotope superfluid iya cimma kawai a sosai low yanayin zafi (dama millikelvins) idan akwai isasshen janye tsakanin ta barbashi.

superfluidity na helium

Nazarin manufar superfluidity kimiyya gare malaman jami'o'i Kapitse S. P. kuma Landau L. D. karatu da kaddarorin ruwa helium a 1938, Sergei Kapitsa ce cewa gabatowa cikakkar sifili, da ruwa hasarar da danko, maimakon ya taurara.

Akademik ƙarasa da cewa bayan helium zafin jiki da dama a kasa 2.172 K, da kayan wuce daga al'ada jihar zuwa wani sabon gaba daya lokaci kira helium-II. A wannan lokaci da kayan wuce ta wurin un untar takware da capillaries ba tare da wani gogayya. Irin wannan jiha, da kuma an yi kira "superfluidity."

A 1941, Landau, D. ci gaba da karatu da kaddarorin ruwa helium, da kuma ci gaba da ka'idar superfluidity. Don bayyana shi, ya dauki wani jimla hanyoyin, da ake ji da manufar makamashi da bakan da excitations.

A amfani da helium

Sinadarin helium aka gano a cikin hasken rana bakan a cikin 1868. A duniya, ya aka gano da William ramsay a 1895, sa'an nan karatu na dogon lokaci da kuma ya ba an yi amfani a cikin tattalin arziki Sphere. A cikin masana'antu da ayyukan da aka yi amfani a matsayin makãmashin airships a lokacin yakin duniya na farko.

Gas aka rayayye amfani ga marufi a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, a cikin narkewa na karafa. Geologists amfani da shi don gane laifuffukan da ɓawon burodi. Liquid helium ne yafi amfani a matsayin refrigerant, shi ne iya rike sosai low zazzabi. Wannan dukiya wajibi ne ga kimiyya da bincike.

The ruwa-sanyaya da ake amfani a cryogenic lantarki na'ura, a Ana dubawa murhu microscopes, na'urorin kiwon lafiya a NMR tomography, a barbashi accelerators.

ƙarshe

Helium - wani inert ko daraja gas, exhibiting low aiki a samu hada hannu a tare da sauran abubuwa. A lokaci-lokaci tebur da sunadarai abubuwa, shi ne a karo na biyu wuri, bayan hydrogen. A yanayi, abu ne a cikin gaseous jihar. A karkashin wani yanayi, shi iya motsa zuwa wasu jihohi na tari.

Babban alama na ruwa helium - superfluid da ikon ba crystallize karkashin al'ada matsa lamba, ko da idan zafin jiki ya kai cikakkar sifili. Properties na abu isotopes bambanta. Bambanta su m yanayin zafi, su tafasar yanayi, kazalika da su barbashi juya dabi'u.