Binciken da qirqire-qirqire New lokaci

Wasu daga cikin mafi muhimmanci binciken faruwa a wani lokaci da ake kira zamani, kuma na zamani da sau. Lokacin da kidaya fara wadannan lokaci? Abin da binciken da aka yi a wancan lokaci ba?

A farkon New Age

New lokaci ake magana a kai a lokacin da mutãne ya tako a kan wani sabon mataki a cikin ci gaban m. Amma a lokacin da wannan ya faru?

Yawancin lokaci ake magana a kai a matsayin sabon lokaci lokaci tsakanin tsakiyar zamanai da Modern Tarihi. Wasu bayar da shawarar mu fara kirgawa daga XVII karni, a lokacin da Turanci fara juyin juya halin a 1640. Amma nasara a ci gaba da kuma canje-canje a cikin al'umma, da suka fara mayar a cikin XV karni, kuma da yawa masu bincike yi imani da wannan shi ne farkon da wani sabon zamanin ko farkon New lokaci.

Ko a karshen tsakiyar zamanai aka sanya muhimmanci binciken da kuma ƙirƙirãwa. A 1440, Johann Gutenberg ƙirƙira bugu latsa, kuma sannu a hankali wajen samar da littafin shi ne ba kawai addini, amma kuma a kimiyya da kuma nishadi batutuwa. A 1492, Hristofor Kolumb gano Amurka, da Turai da mulkin mallaka ta fara.

Society aka canza halaye kuma tana nufin jigon da mutum mutum. A Ingila ta motsa daga mulkin na cocin Katolika, da sauye sauyen ya samo asali da kuma Protestantism. Fara wajen samar da kimiyya, halitta na farko kimiyya al'umma: The Royal Society, Faransa sarauta sojojin Sciences. da sabon zamanin da da sabuwar dabara XVI: inji kalkuleta, wani injin famfo, mai barometer, a Pendulum nan kowane lokaci. Galileo Galilei ƙirƙira da kawo nesa kusa, Descartes halitta da daidaita tsarin. Akwai wani microscope, a kawo nesa kusa da gilashin tabarrau.

New Times firtsi daga XVIII karni

Tun ƙarshen XVII karni, kunno kai bourgeoisie. A juyin juya halin masana'antu ba impetus ga ci gaban tsarin jari-hujja da kuma masana'antu al'umma.

Fasaha binciken da qirqire-qirqire na zamani sau wani lokaci ana yi gaba ɗaya da hatsari. Saboda haka, Dzhona Uatta ziyarci da ra'ayin na tururi engine lokacin da ya dube ta da tsalle-tsalle da murfi ruwan sintali. Thomas Nyukman gina farko fistan tururi engine a 1712 shekara.

G. Amontons zo up tare da gas ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a 1703, bi da barasa ma'aunin zafi da sanyio daga Rene Reomyura (1710). Dzhon Hendli da kuma Thomas Godfrey ƙirƙira da sextant (1730).

Da bukatar samar da nama, karfafa ƙirƙira kadi da dinki da inji. Da farko dinki na'ura jadadda mallaka a 1790, Thomas St. Marubucin na kadi inji aka Dzheyms Hargrivs (1764). A 1893 Vaytkomb Judson ƙirƙira zik din "zik din."

Mutane da yawa ƙirƙirãwa na zamani sau aka sanya a cikin XIX karni. A 1818, ya gano da dokokin photochemistry, da kuma a 1839 N. Niepce, ƙirƙira L.Dagger photo. A 1769 da kasar Faransa Cugnot gina wani keken a kan tururi engine, da kuma a 1886 da kuma G.Daymler K.Bents ƙirƙira farko ƙungiya ga engine a kan man fetur.

AS Popov ƙirƙira rediyo a 1895, Nikola Tesla a 1893-1895 halitta rediyo, sa'an nan rediyo.

Great firtsi New Lokaci - wani haske kwan fitila Tomasa Edisona kuma samu wutar lantarki, wannan ƙiren ƙarya ne mai X-ray da Roentgen da kuma Ivan Pulyuem lokaci guda. Thomas Watson a 1876, shi ne marubucin da wayar harsai ta wanzu magana "magana gidan waya", ƙirƙira by Aleksandrom Bellom.

Sauran ƙirƙirãwa na zamani sau: da laima, jirgin ruwa, piano, kunna cokali mai yatsu, da balan-balan. A XVIII-XIX ƙarni ma ƙirƙira da kaleidoscope, stereoscope, baka waldi, locomotive, m da kuma ashana (m da yawa a baya).

Qirqire sabon lokaci

Littafi fara ta Countdown to da XX karni, wato a shekarar 1918. Duk da yake fasaha ci gaba muhimmanci tako gaba. na farko abin hawa da aka ƙirƙira tare da engine sa shi sauki tafiya mai nisa. Mutane da yawa sunadaran sun inganta, da kuma bil'adama ramuwa ƙone da wutar lantarki.

Yana da lokaci zuwa cin gaban kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Na musamman muhimmancin ne sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. A XX karni K Lanshteyner farko yana buɗewa da jini kungiyar, Freud yi aiki a kan ka'idar psychoanalysis, P. Ehrlich yayi damar jiyyar cutar sankara. Alexander Fleming ta gano penicillin a 1929 - duniya na farko da kwayoyin.

Yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohin karfafa aiki nazarin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma makamashin nukiliya. A 1905, A. Einstein ya buɗe ka'idar dangantakar, Bohr yi aiki a kan jimla ka'idar da zarra. Bude da atomic tsakiya (Rutherford, 1911), wucin gadi radioactivity (F. da I. Joliot-Curie, 1934), da farko fissile uranium tsakiya (Hahn, F. Shtassman, 1938).

Mun yi nazarin sararin samaniya da kuma sanya sabon binciken a ilmin taurari. Open cosmic haskoki (V. Hess, 1911-1913), Hubble da dokar ta game da fadada daga cikin talikai (E. Hubble, 1929). Yana zama sane da cosmic radiation (K Jansky, 1931).

Bright ƙirƙirãwa da kuma binciken da XX karni

Binciken da qirqire-qirqire sabon lokaci muhimmanci da fifiko a baya lokacin. Yayin Cold War, da Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet da gasar a cikin halittar makaman nukiliya, kazalika a sarari bincike. Akwai na farko ci gaba da roka, sarari tashoshin da jiragen ruwa. Tarayyar Soviet ta kaddamar da farko wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam a duniya, yin farko matakai don tafiya zuwa watã - a kan surface na tauraron dan adam kaddamar sarari tashoshin, Rovers.

A shekarar 1961, Yuri Gagarin ya zama na farko da mutum zuwa ziyarci sarari. A shekara ta 1969, Amirka Neil Armstrong sa a saukowa a kan wata.

Dubi Armstrong yana tafiya a kan watã dã ba su yi nasara idan, a cikin wannan karni ba? Ir? Ira talabijin. Taimako ga ci gaban wannan mu'ujiza da fasahar sanya Vladimir Zworykin, Philo Farnsworth da sauransu.

A shekarar 1946 ya halitta na farko ENIAC kwamfuta, da precursor na da sabuwar dabara ne mafi kamar kalkuleta a Amurka. The kirkiro na farko samfur kwamfuta Charlz Bebbidzh dauke.

Muhimmanci qirqire sabon lokaci - shi ne ma mai jannatin zh. I. Kusto (1943), da saukar ungulu A. M. Cheremuhina (1930), a jet engine V. P. Glushko (1930), Teodora Meymana Laser (1960) da kuma atomic bam (1945) , sunan mahaliccin wadda ake kiyaye a cikin tsanani amincewa.

ƙarshe

A lokacin da na zamani da kuma na zamani da tarihin da ta aikata mai yawa mai girma bil'adama da kuma dacewa binciken da kuma ƙirƙirãwa. Da dama daga cikinsu muna amfani a yau.