Ivan Viskovatov: a takaice biography da kuma hoto

Masana tarihi sani ba daidai lokacin da Ivan Viskovatov haife. A farko ambaci shi da dangantaka da 1542, a lokacin da wannan Podyachev rubuta wani conciliatory wasika zuwa ga Yaren mutanen Poland mulkin. Viskovatov ya fairly low-haife, ya mallakar wani kadan-kafa daraja iyali. Ya aiki ya gina ta hanyar nasu himma, basira da kuma halitta da cẽto na patrons. Sahaban da aka bayyana shi a matsayin mai kaifin mutum. magana damar iya yin komai kasance da muhimmanci sosai ga jami'in diflomasiyyar, shi ne ba abin mamaki bane cewa a kan lokaci, Ivan aka gangarawa Viskovatov Ambassadorial domin (da samfur na ma'aikatar harkokin waje).

daukaka

Har tsakiyar XVI karni dukan diplomasiyya tsarin na Rasha jihar da aka gina a kewayen Grand Duke. Ya iya wakilta wasu dalĩli a kan wani mutum-akai, amma babu jama'a ma'aikata.

A halin da ake ciki a Moscow diflomasiyyar na cewa lokaci za a iya gani a cikin shigarwar a cikin littattafai na ofishin jakadancin. Suka ce cewa, tun 1549, kwanan nan aka lashe tsar Ivan Grozny umurce Viskovatov privozimye yarda da waje wakila, hukuma haruffa. Sa'an nan ya fara da farko na aikin kasashen waje tafiya. Har ila yau a 1549, sai ya tafi zuwa ga gwamnan Astrakhan Nogais da Derbyshev.

A shugaban na Ambassadorial Office

Idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu Ivan Viskovatov ne ko kuma low daraja. Shi ne kawai Podyachev. Ivan Grozny, Gamsuwa da ikon Viskovatov, kamar misãlin shi zuwa wani karin mashawarta jami'an diplomasiyan - Fedor Mishurin da Menshikov Putyanin. Saboda haka bafadan zama magatakarda. All guda a 1549, Ivan Viskovatov aka ba zato ba tsammani nada shugaban na diplomasiyya sashen. Shi ne na farko jami'in na irin a tarihin kasar.

Daga wannan lokacin Viskovatov fara aiki yadda ake gudanar, wanda sun fi mayar da sauko saduwa da yawa waje wakila. Don da Irena zo jakadun daga Nogai taro, Lithuania, Poland, Kazan, Denmark, Jamus da sauransu. D. The musamman matsayi Viskovatov samo ganin cewa ya samu ziyartar manyanmu a cikin mutum. Domin wadannan tarurruka akwai wani musamman dyachya bukka. Game da ita cikin haruffa ya ambata Ivan Grozny.

nauyi da jami'in diflomasiyyar

Bugu da kari ga tarurruka da jakadu na Ivan Viskovatov a lura da su daidaituwa tare da sarki da kuma cikin Boyar Duma. A magatakarda ya halarci duk na farko tattaunawar. Bugu da kari, ya na da hannu a cikin kungiyar na Rasha ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen waje.

A lokacin da sarki tarurruka da wakila Viskovatov Ivan Mikhailovich jagoranci shawarwari ladabi, da kuma ta rikodi daga baya kunshe a cikin aikin hukuma rikodin. Bugu da kari, da sarki ya umarce shi ya shiryar da kansa archive. Wannan tsaron ɗakunan ajiya na musamman da takardun dauke: da kowane irin umarni daga Moscow da sauran sarakuna, pedigrees na kasashen waje da manufofin takarda, da investigative kayan, gwamnatin paperwork.

Tsaron jihar Archives

Mutumin da ya duba gidan sarauta, archives, yana zuwa da wata babbar nauyin. Shi ne a cikin wannan ajiya Viskovatov aka sake tsarafa cikin wani raba ma'aikata. Babi na Ambassadors na domin ya yi aiki tare da takardunku daga archive, saboda ba tare da su ba shi yiwuwa a yi binciken game da dangantakar da sauran kasashe da su shirya tarurruka da waje mahalarta taron.

A 1547 Moscow uka wuta, wadda Sahaban kira "mai girma." The wuta lalace kuma archive. Kula da shi da kuma mayar da m takardun sun zama saman fifiko daga cikin sosai farko Viskovatov mulki a matsayin shugaban na diplomasiyya sashen.

A karkashin kariya da Zakharins

M komai haqqinsa rabo Ivana Viskovatogo ta yi nasara ba kawai saboda kansa himma. Bãya gare shi sun iko patrons wanda patronized kuma ya taimaka wa protege. Sun kasance Zakharins - zumunta na farko matarsa Ivana Groznogo Anastasia. Su rapprochement da gudummawar da rikici da ya barke a cikin Kremlin a 1553. The matasa sarki ya tsanani da rashin lafiya, da kuma ayarinsa tsanani tsoron ga rai na sarki. Viskovatov Ivan Mikhailovich samarwa wadanada yin karshe nufin da wasiya. A cewar wannan daftarin aiki da hukumomi a taron na mutuwa na Ivan ya kamata ka je da watanni shida, ɗan Dmitry.

A halin da ake ciki na rashin tabbas na gaba zumunta Munin Staritsa (ciki har da aspired iko dan uwansa Vladimir Andreyevich), tsoron da ya wuce kima karfafa makiya boyar kabila ya fara da mãkirci a Zakharins. A sakamakon haka, rabin na kotu bai kai rantsuwar na yara Dmitry. Har kwanan nan ya zauna har ma da mafi kusa da shawara ga sarki Alexei Adashev. Amma Viskovatov zauna a gefen Dmitry (watau Zakharins), da abin da suka kasance kullum gõdiya zuwa gare Shi. Bayan wani lokaci, sarki, ya dawo dasu. Duk da boyars, wanda bai so a goyi bayan bukatun na Dmitry, ya mai baki mark.

Eye na sarki

A tsakiyar karni na XVI da main mayar da hankali na Rasha ta kasashen waje da manufofin da aka gabas. A 1552, da Munin annexed da Kazan, da kuma a 1556 - Astrakhan. A kotu na manyan goyon bayan wajen gabas, Aleksey Adashev. Viskovatov, ko tare da sarki a Kazan yaƙin neman zaɓe, da yawa mafi girma da himma ya mamaye yammacin al'amura. Shi ya tsaya a asalin diplomasiyya na lambobi tsakanin Rasha da Ingila. A Muscovy (kamar yadda aka kira a wannan lokaci a kasashen Turai) ba su sami damar zuwa da Baltic Sea, don haka teku cinikayya tare da Old World aka za'ayi ta hanyar daskarewa hunturu Arkhangelsk. A 1553, akwai zo da Turanci Navigator Richard Chensler.

A nan gaba, da ciniki ya sanya da dama ziyara a kasar Rasha. Kowane da ya ke ziyara aka tare da gargajiya gamuwa da Ivan Viskovaty. Shugaban Ambassadorial Sashen gana da Angela a kamfanin da ya fi iko da kuma arziki Rasha fatake. Wannan, ba shakka, ya game da cinikayya. Birtaniya nema ya zama mai boye abinci a kan Rasha kasuwar, cike da musamman kayayyakin da Turawa. Muhimmanci tattaunawar, don tattauna wadannan batutuwa, da za'ayi Ivan Viskovatov. A tarihin dangantakar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu, da farko ciniki yarjejeniyar ya taka muhimmiyar kuma dogon lokacin da rawa.

Viskovatov da Ingila

Kasuwanci daga Albion samu fifikon harafi cike da dukan gata. Sun bude nasu ofisoshin a dama Rasha birane. Moscow ta tsaida shawara kuma samu musamman hakkin ya sayar a Birtaniya ba tare da aikinsu.

Free shigarwa zuwa Rasha aka bude ga Burtaniya artists, sana'a, artists da kuma likitoci. An babban taimako zuwa fitowan da irin wannan m dangantakar da ke tsakaninsu iko ya sanya shi Ivan Viskovaty. A rabo daga ta yarjejeniyar da Birtaniya tabbatar da zama musamman nasara: sun dade har na biyu da rabi na XVII karni.

A goyon bayan Livonian War

Rashin nasu Baltic tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kuma sha'awar shiga cikin Yammacin Turai kasuwanni tura Ivan da Munin a farkon na yaƙi da Livonian Order, located a kan ƙasa na ba-rana Estonia da Latvia. By lokacin mafi kyau zamanin da Knights bari. Su soja kungiyar da aka fuskantar mai tsanani tasgaronsa, da Rasha Tsar, ba tare da dalili to yi imani da cewa shi ne mun gwada da sauki a iya lashe babbar Baltic birane: Riga, Dorpat, Reval, St. George, Pernavu. Bugu da kari, da Knights kansu tsokani rikici, ba kyale Rasha zuwa Turai yan kasuwa, sana'a da kuma kayayyakin. A yau da kullum da yaki ya fara a 1558 da kuma jan a shekaru 25.

Livonian tambaya raba sarki kusata zuwa biyu. A farko da'irar da aka gangarawa Adashev. Magoya bayansa yi imani da cewa wajibi ne da farko, in ƙarfafa su matsa lamba a kan m Tatar Khanate da Ottoman Empire. Ivan Viskovatov da sauran manya gudanar da m ra'ayi. Sun bayar da shawarar da ci gaba da yaki a cikin Baltic States ga m karshen.

A fiasco a cikin Baltic Amurka

A lokaci na farko da rikici tare da Knights kome ya tafi daidai kamar yadda Ivan so Viskovatov. Biography of wani jami'in diflomasiyyar misali ne na siyasa, kowane lokaci don yin shawarar da ta dace. Kuma yanzu shugaban Ambassadors na domin yin cinta. Livonian Order sauri kadawa. Castle na Knights sallamãwa daya bayan daya. Yana da jũna da cewa Baltic States riga a cikin jakar.

Duk da haka, da nasarar Rasha makamai da aka tsanani firgita da makwabta Yammacin jihohi. Poland, Lithuania, Denmark da kuma Sweden kuma da'awar da Livonian gado da kuma bai yi nufin in yi duk Baltic Munin. Na farko, da Turai ikon da aka ƙoƙarin dakatar da unfavorable yaki a kan su ta hanyar diplomasiyya tashoshi. A Moscow kai ofishin jakadancin. Sadu da su, a matsayin sa ran, Ivan Viskovatov. Hotuna da jami'in diflomasiyyar ba a kiyaye su, amma ba ma sanin ya bayyanar da halaye, za mu iya lafiya ɗauka cewa ya ably kare bukatun da ya sarki. Babi na Ambassadors domin consistently ƙi da mugunta yammacin shiga tsakani a rikicin da Livonian Order. Bugu da ari, nasarori na Rasha sojojin a cikin Baltic Amurka ya kai ga firgita da cewa Poland da kuma Lithuania da aka sõyayya a cikin daya jihar - Rzeczpospolita. Wani sabon player a cikin duniya fagen fama yi magana fitar da Rasha. Ba da da ewa bayan da yaki da Munin sanar tukuna kuma Sweden. Livonian War jan a, da dukan nasarorin da Rasha da makamai da aka bai yiba. A gaskiya ne sauran rabin da rikici ya faru ba tare da sa hannu Viskovatov. A wannan lokaci da ya riga ya zama wani wanda aka azabtar da danniya na da kansa sarki.

wulãkanci

A rikici da boyars Ivan da Munin ya fara a 1560, lokacin da kwatsam mutuwa matarsa ta farko, Anastasia. Tir da harsunansu yada jita-jita game da ita guba. A hankali, sai sarki ya zama m, ya aka cika da paranoia da kuma tsoron cin amana. Wadannan phobias tsananta a lokacin da kasashen waje monarch gudu mafi kusa shawara, Andrei Kurbsky. A Moscow, ya tashi shugaban na farko.

Boyars crammed cikin kurkuku, ko kuma tsunduma cikin mafi m azãba denunciations kuma ƙiren ƙarya. A cikin layi domin kisan kiyashin da aka da kishi na da yawa fafatawa a gasa, Ivan Viskovatov. Brief biography na jami'in diflomasiyyar, duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa, ya gwada da dogon lokaci gudanar da su kauce wa fushin sarki.

mutuwa

A 1570, kan bango na hasarori a cikin Livonia Munin da henchmen yanke shawara su tafi zango a Novgorod mazauna wanda suke zargin na cin amanar kasa, kuma ka kasance m zuwa waje makiya. Bayan da zubar da jini da aka warware da kuma bakin ciki rabo Ivana Viskovatogo. A takaice, da haramta shi inji iya ba a daina kanta. A farkon ta'addanci da nasu boyars, Ivan da ake bukata a duk sabon cin amanar. Ko da yake ba kiyaye takardun da nufin Ya bayyana mana lokaci a matsayin yanke shawarar Viskovatov, za mu iya ɗauka cewa cin zarafin sarki sabon favorites: guardsmen Malyuta Skuratov da Vasily datti.

Jimawa kafin bafadan da aka cire daga shugabancin Ambassadors domin. Bugu da kari, sau daya Ivan Viskovatov bayyane kokarin ceto ga tsoro boyars. A mayar da martani ga wa'azi jami'in diflomasiyyar Munin barke fushi tirade. Viskovatov da aka kashe a kan Yuli 25, 1570. Ya aka zarge treasonable dangantakar da Crimean khan da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland sarki.