Helium: Properties, halaye, da aikace-aikace

Helium - inert gas na kungiyar 18 na lokaci-lokaci tebur. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da lightest kashi bayan hydrogen. Helium - gas ba tare da launi, wari da kuma iyawa wanda ya zama ruwa a zazzabi na -268,9 ° C. tafasar batu da kuma ta sanyinsu ƙananan fiye da kowane dan a san abu. Shi ne kadai kashi cewa ba solidify tare da sanyaya a al'ada yanayi matsa lamba. Ya koma ga m jihar dole 25 atmospheres, a zazzabi na 1 K.

Tarihi na samu

Helium da aka samu a cikin gas yanayin da yake gewaye da rana, Faransa falakin Pierre Zhansenom cewa a 1868 a lokacin wani giciye ya samu wani haske rawaya layi a bakan da hasken rana chromosphere. Da farko an zaci cewa wannan layi wakiltar kashi sodium. A wannan shekara, English falakin Dzhozef Norman Lockyer kiyaye rawaya line a cikin hasken rana bakan, wanda bai dace da aka sani sodium Lines D ₁ da kuma D _2, sabili da haka shi ne mai suna shi a line D _3. Lockyer ƙarasa da cewa shi aka sa ta a dũkiyõyinsu a cikin Sun unknown a Duniya. Ya kuma sunadarai Edward Frankland a cikin suna rabi ta amfani da Girkanci sunan 'Helios' Sun.

A 1895, Birtaniya sunadarai Sir Uilyam Ramzay ya tabbatar da wanzuwar helium a Duniya. Ya samu samfurin cleveite uranium-qazanta ma'adanai, da kuma bayan nazarin gas kafa a lokacin dumama, aka same shi da cewa mai haske rawaya layi a bakan daidai da layin D _3, lura a cikin hasken rana bakan. Saboda haka, wani sabon kashi karshe an shigar. A 1903 ramsay da Frederick Soddy gano cewa helium ne mai samfurin kwatsam lalata na rediyoaktif abubuwa.

Rarraba a cikin yanayi

A taro na helium ne game da 23% na jimlar taro na sararin samaniya, da kuma kashi ne na biyu ya fi na kowa a cikin sarari. An mayar da hankali a taurari, inda hydrogen da aka kafa daga sakamakon fe. Ko da yake helium a cikin yanayi ne a wani taro na 1 part zuwa 200 th. (5 ppm) da yake kunshe a cikin adadi kaɗan na rediyoaktif ma'adanai, meteorite gland shine yake, kazalika da ma'adinai kafofin, mai yawa daga cikin kashi samu a Amurka (musamman a Texas, New Mexico City, Kansas, Oklahoma, Utah, da kuma Arizona) kamar yadda bangaren (zuwa 7.6%) na iskar gas. Kananan da ta reserves da aka gano a Australia, Algeria, Poland, Qatar da kuma Rasha. A ɓawon burodi helium maida hankali ne kawai game da 8 ppb.

isotopes

Da zuciyar kowane daga cikin helium zarra ƙunshi biyu protons, amma, kamar yadda tare da wasu abubuwa, yana da isotopes. Sun ƙunshi daga daya zuwa shida neutrons, don haka su taro lambobin jere daga uku zuwa takwas. Barga na wadannan ne abubuwa wanda nauyi ne m da helium atomic yawan 3 ⁽³ Ya) da kuma 4 ⁽⁴ Ya). All sauran rediyoaktif da hanzari lalata a cikin sauran abubuwa. Duniya ta helium ba wani asali na duniyar tamu, shi aka kafa a sakamakon rediyoaktif lalace. Alpha barbashi jefarwa da nuclei na rediyoaktif nauyi abubuwa suna isotope ⁴ Ya tsakiya. Helium ba tara a manyan yawa a cikin yanayi, saboda Duniya ta nauyi ne ba su isa su hana shi daga progressively yayyo a cikin sarari. Traces of ³ Ya a duniya suna bayyana korau beta lalata hydrogen rare-3 rabi (tritium). ⁴ Shi ne ya fi kowa na barga isotopes: ⁴ rabo na Ya kwayoyin halitta wajen ³ Shĩ ne game da dubu 700 zuwa 1 yanayi da kuma game da miliyan 7 da 1 a wasu helium-arziki ma'adanai ..

The jiki Properties na helium

tafasar da kuma narkewa batu na wannan abu ne mafi ƙasƙanci. Saboda wannan dalili, helium wanzu a matsayin gas fãce a cikin matsananci yanayi. Ya gas da aka narkar a ruwa kasa da cewa daga wani gas, da kuma kudi na yadawa ta hanyar da m jiki ne sau uku mafi girma fiye da na iska. Its Refractive index daga cikin mafi kusa halarci 1.

A thermal watsin da helium ne na biyu ne kawai zuwa hydrogen thermal watsin, musamman zafin rana da kuma ta dada high. A talakawa yanayin zafi shi ne mai tsanani a lokacin fadada, kuma a kasa 40 K - sanyaya. Saboda haka, a T <40 K helium za a iya tuba a cikin wani ruwa da fadada.

Sinadarin ne wani insulator, idan ba a ionized jihar. Kamar yadda da sauran daraja gas, helium yana da wani metastable makamashi matakan da cewa ba da damar da shi da za a ionized da wani lantarki sallama a lokacin da wani irin ƙarfin lantarki ne a kasa da ionization m.

Helium-4 ne musamman a cewa yana da biyu ruwa siffofin. Saba kira helium Na kuma akwai a yanayin zafi jere daga tafasar batu na 4,21 K (-268,9 ° C) to game da 2,18 K (-271 ° C). Lower thermal watsin na 2,18 K ⁴ Ya zama 1000 sau fi da cewa da tagulla. Wannan nau'i ne da ake kira helium II, saboda ya bambanta da shi daga talakawa. An superfluid: danko ne don haka low cewa shi ba za a iya auna. Helium II shimfidawa a cikin wani bakin ciki fim a kan surface wani abu wanda yake kula, kuma wannan fim ne sunã gudãna ba tare da gogayya ko da nauyi.

Kadan m helium-3 Forms uku daban-daban ruwa manzilõli, biyu daga waxanda suke superfluid. Superfluidity a ⁴ Ya aka gano ta Soviet likita Petrom Leonidovichem Kapitsey a cikin tsakiyar 1930s, kuma wannan sabon abu a cikin ³ Ya aka farko lura da Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, da kuma Robert C. Richardson na Amurka a shekara ta 1972.

A ruwa cakuda biyu isotopes na helium-3 da -4 a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa 0.8 K (-272.4 ° C) ne zuwa kashi biyu yadudduka - wani gaske m ³ Ya kuma ⁴ Ya cakuda da 6% na helium-3. Rushe ³ Ya in ⁴ Ya bi da sanyaya sakamako wanda aka yi amfani cryostat Tsarin cikin abin da helium zafin jiki ne kasa 0.01 K (-273,14 ° C) da kuma kiyaye domin 'yan kwanaki.

sadarwa

Karkashin al'ada yanayi, helium ne chemically inert. A cikin manyen iya ƙirƙirar wani fili kashi cewa a yanayinsa da kuma matsa lamba Manuniya ba barga. Alal misali, helium iya samar mahadi da aidin, tungsten, sunadarin flourine, phosphorus da sulfur, idan hõre wani lantarki haske fitarwa ko ta electron bombardment a cikin jini jihar. Kuma haka dai aka halitta HeNe, HgHe _10, WHe ₂ da kwayoyin ions Ya ₂ ⁺ ₂ Ba ^++, HeH ⁺ kuma HeD ^+. Wannan dabara ya kuma kasance a tsaka tsaki kwayoyin Ya ₂ da kuma HgHe.

jini

A duniya advantageously rarraba ionized helium, wanda Properties bambanta ma daga cikin kwayoyin. A electrons da protons aka ba nasaba, kuma shi yana da matukar high lantarki watsin har ma a wani partially ionized jihar. A caje barbashi ne sosai rinjayi Magnetic da lantarki filayen. Alal misali, a cikin hasken rana da iska da helium ions hulɗa tare da ionized hydrogen magnetosphere duniya, haifar da Aurora borealis.

A gano adibas a Amurka

Bayan hakowa a 1903 a Dexter, Kansas, shi da aka samu ta hanyar da ba-flammable gas. Da farko, an ba da aka sani cewa shi ya ƙunshi helium. Wanne gas da aka samu, gano jihar Erasmus Haworth fanning binciken kasa, wanda ya tattara da samfurori da kuma Jami'ar Kansas via chemists Kedi Gamiltona da kuma David McFarland gano cewa, shi ya ƙunshi 72% nitrogen, 15% methane, 1% hydrogen da kuma 12% da aka ba gano. Bayan jawabin da m bincike, da masu bincike gano cewa, 1,84% na samfurin na helium. Saboda haka mun sani cewa wannan sinadari ne yanzu a cikin manyan yawa a cikin zurfin na Great tuddanta, inda shi za a iya cirewa daga iskar gas.

masana'antu samar

Wannan ya sanya Amurka da duniya ta samar da helium shugaban. A ba da shawara da Sir Richard Threlfall, da Amurka Navy a] en uku kananan matukin jirgi shuka don samar da wannan abu a lokacin yakin duniya na farko don tabbatar da barrage balloons hur ba flammable dagawa gas. A cewar wannan shirin da aka samar a total of 5700 m ³ 92 da cent Ya, ko da yake wannan da aka samu kawai a kalla 100 lita na gas. Part wannan adadin da aka yi amfani da a duniya ta farko helium airship da Amurka Navy C-7, wanda ya sanya na farko tafiya daga Hampton Hanyoyi (Virginia) a Bolling Field (Washington, DC) Disamba 7, 1921.

Ko da yake aiwatar da low zazzabi ruwa gas a lokacin da aka ba isasshe ɓullo da ya zama muhimmi a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, samar da ci gaba. Helium aka kullum amfani da wani daga gas a jirgin sama. Bukatar shi ya karu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin da aka yi amfani da tare da kare baka waldi. A kashi ma yana da babban muhimmanci a cikin halittar atomic bam "Manhattan".

Amurka National ajiye

A shekara ta 1925, gwamnatin Amurka halitta National ajiye na helium a Amarillo, Texas, don samar da soja airships a lokacin yaki da kuma kasuwanci airships a peacetime. A amfani da gas fadi bayan duniya na biyu, amma stock aka ƙara a 1950 don samar da, a cikin wasu abubuwa, shi SUPPLiES matsayin coolant amfani a samar da oxygen-hydrogen propellant a lokacin da sarari tseren da Cold War. A amfani da helium a Amurka a shekarar 1965, sau takwas fi ganiya amfani a wartime.

Bayan tallafi na doka a kan helium 1960 Mining ofishin gudana 5 kamfanoni cire da rabi daga iskar gas. Wannan shirin da aka gina 425-km bututun to connect wadannan shuke-shuke da gwamnatin partially tsautsayi gas filin kusa Amarillo, Texas. Helium-nitrogen cakuda pumped cikin karkashin kasa ajiya, da kuma zauna a can har babu bukatar a cikinsa.

By 1995, da girma na stock aka taru biliyan cubic mita, yayin da bashi da National ajiye 1.4 biliyan daloli, wanda ya sa Amurka Congress a 1996 zuwa lokaci fita daga shi. Wadannan tallafi a shekarar 1996 da dokar a kan sayar da kamfanonin na helium Ma'aikatar Albarkatun kasa kaddamar da wani tsiyacewa store a shekarar 2005.

Tsabta da kuma samar da

Helium samar har 1945 shekara ya mai tsarki na game da 98%, wasu 2% sun kasance a cikin nitrogen cewa ya ishe airships. A shekarar 1945, shi haifar da wata kananan adadin 99.9 bisa dari na iskar gas don amfani a baka waldi. By 1949, da tsarki na da sakamakon rabi da ya kai 99,995%.

Domin shekaru masu yawa da Amurka ta samar da fiye da kashi 90% na duniya kasuwanci helium. Tun 2004, a kowace shekara shi da aka yi aiki daga miliyan 140 m ^3, 85% wanda faruwa a Amurka, 10% da aka za'ayi a Algeria, da kuma sauran - a Rasha da kuma Poland. Babban kafofin na helium a duniya ne iskar gas filayen daga Texas, Oklahoma da kuma Kansas.

Tsari ga samun

Helium (tsarki 98,2%) ne gano daga liquefaction na iskar gas da sauran aka gyara a low yanayin zafi da kuma a babban matsin lamba. A adsorption na sauran gas sanyaya kunna carbon iya cimma tsarki na 99,995%. A kananan adadin helium samar a lokacin iska liquefaction a kan wani babban sikelin. Na 900 ton na iska iya samun game da 3,17 cubic mita. m gas.

Fields na aikace-aikace

Manzon Allah Sallallahu gas da aka amfani a fannoni daban daban.

• Helium, wanda Properties damar zuwa samu sosai low zazzabi, da ake amfani da matsayin sanyaya wakili a LHC, MRI superconducting maganadisu apparatuses da makaman nukiliya Magnetic rawa spectrometers, da tauraron dan adam kayan aiki, kazalika da wa liquefaction na oxygen da kuma hydrogen a jifa "Apollo".
• Kamar yadda inert gas domin waldi aluminum da sauransu. Metals a yi na semiconductors kuma Tantancewar zaruruwa.
• .. Don ƙirƙirar matsa lamba a cikin man fetur tankuna na roka injuna, musamman ma wadanda suke aiki a kan ruwa hydrogen, t to kawai helium gas tserar ta Jihar tari idan hydrogen da ya rage ruwa).
• Ya-Ne gas lasers ana amfani da su duba cikin Barcode a kan akwatin ofishin a manyan kantunan.
• Helium-ion microscope ba ka damar samun mafi kyau image fiye da lantarki.
• Saboda babban permeability na daraja gas da ake amfani da su gwada leaks, misali a mota iska-motsa jiki da tsarin, kazalika da m cika da airbag gare karo.
• Low yawa damar ado da bukukuwa cika da helium. A inert gas da aka maye gurbinsu m hydrogen gas a airships da balloons. Alal misali, a meteorology, helium balloons ake amfani da su dauke da aunawa kayan aiki.
• A cryogenic coolant da ake amfani, tun da yawan zafin jiki na sinadari a cikin m yiwu ruwa jihar.
• Helium, wanda Properties samar da shi a low reactivity da ruwa solubility (da jini), a cakuda da oxygen ya samu aikace-aikace a numfashi formulations domin jannatin ruwa da kuma rike caisson aiki.
• Meteorites da duwatsu suna bincikar abubuwan da ke wannan kashi domin sanin da shekaru.

Helium: da kaddarorin da rabi

Ya main jiki Properties ne kamar haka:

• Atomic lambar: 2.
• A zumunta taro na helium zarra: 4,0026.
• Narkewa batu: babu.
• Tafasar batu: -268,9 ° C.
• Yawa (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 0,1785 g / n.
• hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar 0.