Mulkin mallaka daular: da halittar kuma da na'urar

A farkon mulkin mallaka dauloli fito a cikin XVI karni, a lokacin da kasashen Turai suka shiga zamanin babban Gwargwadon binciken. A baya can, duk fadada cikin mini ne ba a sani ba nata fara Spanish da Portuguese. Hãlãyensu gina gargajiya mulkin mallaka daular.

Spain

A 1492, Hristofor Kolumb gano da dama tsibiran a cikin Caribbean Sea. Shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa yamma Turawa ba su jiran 'yan scraps na ƙasar, amma dukan ba a sani ba duniya. Kamar haka Ya fãra halittar mulkin mallaka dauloli.

Columbus aka ƙoƙarin bude ba America, da kuma India, wanda ya tafi zuwa Scout fitar da hanya da cewa zai iya zama daidaita da yaji cinikayya, da kuma sauran kayayyakin musamman gabas. Navigator yi aiki domin Sarkin Aragon da Sarauniyar Castile. Aure na wadannan biyu wadanada yarda ka gama kasashe makwabta zuwa Spain. A cikin wannan shekara da cewa Columbus ya gano America, wani sabon mulkin kwace daga Musulmi kudancin kasar na Granada. Kamar wancan ƙare Reconquista - ƙarni-tsohon aiwatar da tsarkakewa daga cikin Yaren Kasar Larabawa daga ikon Musulmi.

Wadannan gabatarwa ya ishe bayyanar da Spanish mulkin mallaka daular. Da farko Turai ƙauyuka bayyana a cikin tsibiran Caribbean: Hispaniola (Haiti), Puerto Rico da kuma Cuba. The Spanish mulkin mallaka daular da kuma kafa na farko mallaka a kan American ɓangaren duniya. Sai ya zama, a cikin 1510 Panama sansanin soja da wata rikitarwa sunan Santa Maria la Antigua del Darién. Fort aza Explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa. Ya farko Turawa haye Isthmus of Panama da kuma ya kan Pacific Coast.

ciki na'urar

The na'urar na mulkin mallaka dauloli ne mafi alhẽri a yi la'akari da misali na Spain, tun da shi ne kasa na farko ya zo da umarni, wanda suke sa'an nan a cikin taro yada zuwa wasu dauloli. Yana duk ya fara da umurnin 1520, bisa ga abin da duk, ba tare da togiya, bude ƙasar gane matsayin da dukiya na Crown.

Social da kuma shari'a na'urar da aka gina bisa ga saba Turawa mulkin gargajiya matsayi. Cibiyar mulkin mallaka daular ba Spanish natsuwa ƙasar da aka samun wani iyali da dukiya. A 'yan qasar India yawan zama da dogara a kan sabon makwabta. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa mazauni da aka yi ba ta gane a matsayin bayi. Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin batu, wanda taimaka a gane bambance-bambance tsakanin Spanish mulkin mallaka daular Portugal.

A American ƙauyuka na Lisbon, bautar an hukuma. A da Portuguese halitta a harkokin sufuri tsarin na cheap aiki daga Afirka zuwa kudancin Amirka. A cikin hali na Spain, dangane da dogaro da India peonage - bashi.

Features Viceroyalty

Mallaki daular a Amurka da aka raba Viceroyalty. A farko a cikin jerin a 1534 ya zama New Spain. Yana hada da West Indies, Mexico da kuma Tsakiyar America. A 1544 Peru da aka kafa, wanda ya hada da ba wai kawai da Peru, amma kuma na zamani da Chile. A cikin XVIII karni akwai New Granada (Ekwado, Venezuela da kuma Colombia) da kuma La Plata (Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia da Paraguay). Duk da yake cikin Portuguese mulkin mallaka daular sarrafawa a Amurka kawai Brazil, da Spanish dũkiyarku a New World kasance wani tsari na girma fi girma.

A m iko da mazauna mallaki wani monarch. A 1503, aka kafa shi ta Harkokin Kasuwanci, wanda yake jagorancin da shari'a, gwamnati da kuma harhada jikuna a cikin filin. Ba da da ewa shi canja da sunan da kuma ya zama babban Royal Majalisar domin Indies. Wannan jiki ya wanzu har zuwa 1834. Majalisar directed da Church, jagoranci muhimmanci mulkin mallaka nada jami'ai da manajoji, to hukunci.

Gwamnonin na monarch sun viceroys. Domin wannan matsayi nada don wani lokaci na 4 zuwa 6 shekaru. Har ila yau, akwai wani post na Janar shugabannin. Su directed jinsin asashe da kuma yankuna da matsayi na musamman. Kowane viceroyalty aka raba larduna, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin gwamnonin. All mulkin mallaka dauloli na duniya da aka halitta saboda ribar. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa babban kamfani daga cikin gwamnonin sun dace da cikakken kudi kudaden shiga cikin taskar.

Raba alkuki shagaltar da ta coci. Ta rera waka ba kawai addini, amma kuma shari'a ayyuka. A XVI karni a kotun Mai Tsarki Inquisition. Wani lokacin da ya aikata ya kai ga wannan ta'addanci da 'yan asalin yawan jama'a. Babban mulkin mallaka dauloli da wani muhimmanci al'amudin - gari. A wadannan matsugunai a cikin Spanish yanayin, akwai wani irin kai gwamnati tsarin. Yan unguwa kafa cabildo - shawara. su ma suna da 'yancin zabi da wasu jami'an kasar. A Amirka, akwai game da 250 wannan majalisa.

A mafi yawan aiki Layer na mulkin mallaka na jama'a, a gidan haya da kuma industrialists. Domin quite lokaci mai tsawo, sun kasance a Jihar kasawarmu, idan aka kwatanta da high-haife Spanish aristocracy. Amma duk da haka godiya ga wadannan azuzuwan na mallaka girma, kuma su tattalin arziki shi ne riba. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da wani sabon abu. Ko da yake Spanish ya yawaita a cikin XVIII karni, shi ya fara aiwatar da rarrabuwa na yawan zuwa raba al'ummai cewa a cikin gaba karni gina nasu jihar ta Kudu da kuma Amurka ta tsakiya.

Portugal

Portugal fito a matsayin mai kananan mulkinsa, tare da dukan bangarorin kewaye da Spanish dũkiyarku ba. Irin wannan Gwargwadon wuri rabu da wata karamar kasa da yiwuwar fadada a Turai. Maimakon na Old World ne a jihar a nade ya gani a kan wani.

A karshen tsakiyar zamanai Portuguese matuƙan suna daga cikin mafi kyau a Turai. Kamar Spanish, suka kokarin isa India. Amma idan duk wannan Columbus ya tashi, ya sami kawai da coveted kasar a cikin wani irin mawuyacin westerly shugabanci, da Portuguese jefa dukan sojojin fita zuwa circumnavigate Afirka. Bartolomeu Dias gano Cape of Good Hope - da kudancin batu na Black nahiyar. Kuma da balaguro Vasco da Gamma 1497-1499 gg. karshe ya kai Indiya.

A 1500, Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral kashe hanya zuwa gabas da kuma bazata gano Brazil. A Lisbon, nan da nan ya sanar da aniyarsa ga baki kafin duniya. Ba da da ewa a kudancin Amirka ya fara bayyana farko Portuguese shiri, da kuma ƙarshe Brazil ya zama kawai Portuguese-magana kasashen da Amirka.

Oriental bude

Duk da ci gaba a yamma da babban manufar seafarers zauna gabas. A Portuguese mulkin mallaka daular ya samu a cikin wannan yanki gagarumin ci gaba. Its masanan sun gano Madagascar da kuma buga Balarabe Sea. A 1506 ya aka kama da tsibirin Socotra. A daidai wannan lokaci da Portuguese farko ziyarci Ceylon. Akwai wani mataimakin-mulkin India. A karkashin ya management sun duk Eastern mazauna kasar. A farko lakabi na Halĩfa ya admiral Francisco de Almeida.

The na'urar da Portuguese da Spanish mulkin mallaka daular da wasu administrative kamance. Dukansu sun mataimakin-mulki, kuma duka bayyana a lokacin da sararin duniya da aka har yanzu raba tsakanin Turawa. Local adawa a biyu da gabas da yamma sauƙi mur. a hannun Turawa buga su fasaha magabaci a kan sauran kaya.

A farkon da XVI karni da Portuguese dauki gagarumin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kuma gabacin: Calicut, Goa, Malacca. A 1517, ya kafa cinikayya tare da m kasar Sin. Game da kasar Sin kasuwanni mafarkin kowane mulkin mallaka daular. Tarihi (Grade 7) a cikin makaranta a daki-daki, game da topic na Great Kasa binciken da Turai fadada a ko'ina cikin duniya. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda ba tare da wani fahimtar wadannan matakai ne da wuya a gane yadda sauran na zamani duniya. Alal misali, a yau, Brazil za su taba yi kasance haka, kamar yadda muka sani shi, idan ba ga Portuguese harshe da al'adu. Har ila yau, Lisbon matuƙan farko tsakanin Turawa bude hanyar Japan. A cikin 1570s suka fara mulkin mallaka na Angola. A heyday Portugal da yawa birãnensu a kudancin Amirka, Afirka, India da kudancin Asiya.

Business Empire

Abin da ya halitta wani mulkin mallaka daular? Turawa sun kafa iko a kan ƙasar, a sauran sassan na duniya domin amfani na mutum da kuma albarkatun kasa. Musamman sha'awar su musamman ko rare abubuwa: kayan yaji, mai daraja karafa, rare jinsunan itatuwa da sauran luxuries. Alal misali, Amirka ta taro fitarwa na kofi, sugar, taba, koko da kuma Indigo.

Ya siffofin da cinikayya a nahiyar Asiya kansu. A nan, cikin manyan karfi a saboda Hakika ya zama UK. Birtaniya ta kafa wadannan rarraba tsarin: suka sayar a Indiya zane, guda buying opium, wanda aka fitar dashi a kasar Sin. Duk wadannan cinikai ya ƙato domin ta lokaci samun kudin shiga. A daidai wannan lokaci daga kasashen Asiya zuwa Turai fitar dashi shayi. Kowane cibiyar na mulkin mallaka daular nemi kafa kenkenewa a kasuwannin duniya. Saboda wannan, akwai na yau da kullum yaki. A mafi ƙasar da aka maida su ba kome kuma mafi jiragen ruwa plied tekuna, da mafi sau da yawa irin wannan rikice-rikice barke.

Mazauna sun "masana'antu" domin samar da cheap aiki. Kamar yadda amfani da gida mutane (kagaggun mazauni ne na Afirka). Bauta wata garabasa kasuwanci, da kuma translanticheskaya bawa kafuwar tattalin arzikin na mulkin mallaka dauloli. Dubban mazauna Congo da kuma yammacin nahiyar Afrika da aka tilas hawa zuwa Brazil, zuwa kudu na zamani Amurka da Caribbean.

The fadada al'adun Turai

Duk wani mulkin mallaka daular da aka bisa ga geo-dabarun moriyar kasashen Turai. Kafuwar wadannan tsarin suna da karfi maki a sassa daban daban na duniya. A mafi bakin teku tashoshin bayyana a Empire, don haka ya zama mafi mobile sojojin. Engine na Turai fadada a ko'ina cikin duniya da aka juna kishi. A kasashen da suka yi jihãdi juna domin iko da cinikayya hanyoyi na mutum hijirarsa ƙungiyoyi na fleets da kuma sojojin.

Kowane mulkin mallaka daular yi daidai da sharudda na girma. Duk wani yarjewa da abokan gaba a cikin wani daban-daban na duniya da aka gani a matsayin alamar karu a geopolitical muhimmancin. A wannan zamanin, da monarchical ikon da aka har yanzu da alaka da addini ra'ayoyi na yawan jama'a. Saboda wannan, duk wannan Spanish da Portuguese mulkin mallaka dauloli gan su fadada a matsayin Allah-m al'amarin da ya daidaita shi zuwa ga Kirista messianism.

Yana da aka tartsatsi da ilimin harsuna da wayewa gaba. Yada al'adunsu, kowane daular karfafa ta halaccinta da kuma yiwuwa a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama. Its mafi muhimmanci alama ya aiki mishan aiki. Spanish da Portuguese baza Katolika cikin Amurka. Addini ya zauna da wani muhimmanci na siyasa da kayan aiki. Yin tartsatsi da al'adu, da mulkin mallaka ƙeta hakkin gida mazauni, hana su harshe da kuma addini. Daga wannan yi daga baya haife mamaki kamar fata, mulkin wariyar launin fata da kuma kisan kare dangi.

United Kingdom

Tarihi, da cewa Spain da Portugal, da farko mulkin mallaka daular (7th sa a makaranta, daki-daki saba da su), ba zai iya ci gaba da dabino a cikin gwagwarmaya da sauran Turai iko. A baya can, wasu game da Maritime da'awar, ya ce England. Idan Spain rayayye karkashin mulkin mallakar Kudu da kuma Amurka ta tsakiya, Birtaniya dauki kan Arewa. A rikici tsakanin kasashen biyu ya barke a gare wani dalili. Spain ta al'ada aka dauke da babban kare Katolika, yayin da a cikin XVI karni a Ingila akwai gyaranta, kuma ya bayyana a zaman kanta da Church na Roma.

Around lokaci guda tsakanin kasashen biyu ta fara sojan ruwa yaki. Muhimman bai yi aiki da hannuwansu da kuma da taimakon 'yan fashi da kuma privateers. Turanci fashi zamani sun zama wata alama ce ta zamanin. Su sata uploaded Amurka zinariya Spanish galleons, da kuma wani lokacin har kama mallaka. Open yaki girgiza Tsohon Duniya a 1588, lokacin da Ingilishi rundunar halakar da Armada. Spain ta shiga wani lokaci zuwa wani dogon rikicin. A hankali, ta karshe ba hanya zuwa Turanci, da kuma daga baya Birtaniya Empire 's jagoranci a cikin mulkin mallaka tseren.

Netherlands

A farkon rabin na XVII karni, akwai wani babban mulkin mallaka daular, gina ta Netherlands. Yana hada da yankin Indonesia, Guyana, India. Dutch da m posts Formosa (Taiwan) da kuma Ceylon. A babban abokin hamayyarsa na Netherlands ya da United Kingdom. A 1770-ies. Dutch hakura da wani ta Birtaniya mazauna a Arewacin Amirka. Daya daga cikinsu shi nan gaba hedkwatarsu da na New York. A 1802, kamar yadda ya tabbatar da canjawa wuri Ceylon da Cape Colony a Afirka ta Kudu.

A hankali, babban mallaki Netherlands zuwa wasu sassa na duniya suka fara Indonesia. A da karkararta yi Dutch Gabas India Company. Ta sayi kayanki muhimmanci na Gabas dukiya: azurfa, shayi, jan, auduga, Textiles, tukwane, siliki, opium da kayan yaji. A heyday na mulkin mallaka daular da Netherlands da kenkenewa a kan kasuwanni na Pacific da kuma tekun India. Domin a irin wannan ciniki tare da America Dutch West India Company da aka kafa. Dukansu hukumomi aka soke a karshen da XVIII karni. Game da dukan na mulkin mallaka daular da Netherlands, shi ne wani abu da suka gabata a XX karni, tare da dauloli na Turai gasa.

Faransa

Farko na Faransa mulkin mallaka daular aka dage farawa a cikin shekara ta 1535, a lokacin da Zhak Karte bincika da St. Lawrence River a ba-rana Canada. A XVI karni na Bourbon daular mulkinsu da mafi zamani da kuma tasiri a lokacin tattalin arzikin a Turai. Ga ci gaban da shi da kuma gaba da Portugal da kuma Spain. Faransa ta fara kafa mulkin mallaka da sabon ƙasashe a cikin shekaru 70 da Birtaniya. Paris iya ƙidaya a kan matsayi na wata babbar birni a duniya.

Amma Faransa bai iya cikakken amfana daga ta m. Ta hana ciki rashin zaman lafiya, matalauta cinikayya kayayyakin more rayuwa, kazalika da shortcomings a cikin sake ma su matsugunni da manufofin. A sakamakon haka, a cikin XVIII karni da fari shi ne Birtaniya, da kuma Faransa ya a sakandare ayyuka a cikin mulkin mallaka tseren. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da kasance a cikin manyan yankuna a duniya.

Bayan shekaru bakwai 'War a 1763, Faransa rasa Canada. A North America, kasar ta zauna Louisiana. Yana da aka sayar a 1803 ta Amurka. A cikin XIX karni Faransa mayar da hankali fiye da a kan Dark nahiyar. Ta kama da babbar yanki na yammacin Afrika, kazalika da Algeria, Morocco da Tunisia. Faransa daga baya kunshe a kudu maso gabashin Asia. Dukan waɗannan ƙasashe sami 'yancin kansu a cikin XX karni.