Hermeneutics - falsafar ko fasaha na fahimta?

A bisa ga al'ada, hermeneutics ake kira da ka'idar da yi masa fassara matani, wanda ci gaba a cikin tarihi da kuma philological kimiyya daga XVIII karni (G. Meyer, H. Wolf, da dai sauransu). Sa'an nan kuma ya fara samo halin halayyar duniya. Friedrich Schleiermacher ya bunkasa shi a matsayin babban ka'idar fassarar, kuma Wilhelm Dilthey shine tushe don ilimin bil'adama. Duk da haka, idan Schleiermacher ya nace a kan al'ada, fassarori na harshe na harshe, to, don Dilthey, hanyar da ake amfani da ita ita ce, a sama duka, fasaha ta fahimta.

A cikin karni na ashirin, daga Hanyar rubutu fassarar hermeneutics ya zama a cikin falsafa, yafi saboda da phenomenology na Husserl da kuma Martin Heidegger aiki. Idan Husserl ba ya la'akari da "ruhu" ko "kwayoyin halitta" a matsayin ainihin ainihi a cikin binciken, to, Heidegger, ta yin amfani da koyarwar Husserl, ya fara cewa, domin tarihi da al'ada, irin wannan duniya mai mahimmanci shine, tarar da harshe. A cikin ayyukansa na baya-bayan nan, Heidegger ya rubuta cewa harshe yana nufin dalilin zama, cewa ba mu magana da harshe ba, amma, yana magana da taimakonmu. Ya ci gaba da al'adar Dilthey, Heidegger ya bayyana abin da yake da magungunan jari-hujja. Wannan shi ne ma'anarta na harshe, domin ya ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa fahimta zai yiwu a matsayin irin wannan, wanda, a ɗayansa, ke kaiwa "gagarumar nasara ga kasancewar gaskiya, rayuwa da tunani."

Duk wannan ya ƙaddara ci gaba da bunkasa irin wannan abu kamar yadda yake a matsayin hermeneutics. Falsafar da aka mayar da ita ta yi tambaya game da yadda tsarin fahimtar duniya ya yiwu, wane wuri a cikin wannan tsari shine "gano gaskiyar zama". Wannan shine babban wakilinsa, Hans-Georg Gadamer. Tafsirin tarihi da mutum, hermeneutics shi ne da'awar zama falsafar da ya bayyana ma'anar rayuwa, art da kuma tarihi, da yalwa da kwarewa da kuma mutum da kuma al'umma, da kuma al'ada, da kuma karya tare da shi. Idan ga P. Riker harshen da yake da shi na bayani da fahimta shine fasaha na falsafa na fassara duniya da ke kewaye da mu, ga Y. Habermas - hanyar hanyar sauya al'umma, to ga Gadamer - falsafancin duniya na zamani.

Ayyukan da aka fi sani da Gadamer - "Gaskiya da Hanyar" - a cikin take shine ya ɓoye ainihin abin da ma'anar hermeneutics ke. Falsafar fahimtar da aka gabatar a cikin wannan aikin ya tabbatar da bambancin da ke tsakanin fassarar ilimin kimiyya da ilimin lissafi a gefe guda, da kuma zamantakewa da jin dadi, a daya. Irfanin Concepts na halitta da kuma ilmin lissafi sciences ne bisa wani m hanya, bisa shigar da kuma cire, cikin jarrabawa da kuma tabbaci nazarin maimaita alamu. Harkokin kimiyya na jin dadin jama'a suna mayar da hankali ga neman gaskiya, kuma basu maida hankalin hanyoyi ba. Kuma gaskiya ba ka'idar ba ne, gaskiya ce ta rayuwa - wanda inda mutane suke rayuwa.

Yin amfani da maganganun Heidegger, Gadamer ya ba da amsar tambaya game da abin da 'yan Adam suke da kuma abin da suke da shi. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'amuran al'ada. Wannan shi ne nau'i na iko, domin babu wanda zai iya sanin wani abu ba tare da taimakon magabatansa ba. Amma al'ada ba zai iya zama ba tare da harshe ba. An watsa shi ta hanyar. Bugu da kari, ta amfani da harshen mutum kwarewa kirkiro, kar kuma ba shi da siffar. Tsarawa ne ma saboda da gaban harshe. A cikin fadin Gadamer, mabiyanta - falsafar fahimta - ya tabbatar da cewa ita ce harshe mara inganci na harshe. Amma rashin daidaito ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa dole ne a fassara ayoyin ta yadda ya kamata, don fahimtar ma'anar su.

A fannin falsafancin Gadamer yana da wata mahimmanci, mahimmanci kuma, fiye da harshe wasa ne. Ya dogara ne akan hanyar zurfin rayuwar dan Adam kuma ya yiwu ya yiwu tsarin cognition. Bugu da ƙari, harshe da fahimta kamar yadda irin waɗannan ma suna bisa wasan. Bayan haka, ta, kamar yadda Gadamer ya yi imani, ba wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa ga mutumin ba, kuma ba ya ƙunshi duk wani sha'awa - yana da mutunci da wadatar kansa kamar "abu-in-kanta". Wasan shine ainihin batun - yana jawo hankalin 'yan wasa, samun shiga cikin su. Ba abin mamaki ba ne ake kira wasanni "mai ban sha'awa" - suna kama mahalarta.

Irin wannan tsari na wasan kwaikwayo ne mai ban sha'awa game da aikin fasaha, karatun littafi, tarihin fahimta. "Kwarewar kwarewa, kwarewa, nazarin tarihi," in ji Gadamer, "ya yi alkawalin yin farin ciki na musamman, ya hana yin amfani da shi."

Zamu iya cewa fannin iliminta, falsafar da ka'idar ilimi a cikin bil'adama, ya nuna cewa fahimtar juna, zuwa game da wasan, yana ba ka damar kusanci gaskiya. Gwaninta na masu ilimin jinsin, kamar kwarewar fasaha da addini, yana samuwa ne a lokuta da yawa a kan tunanin tunani, a kan fahimta. Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin kimiyya, jagorancin fahimta, ya bamu damar fahimtar ma'anar rubutun a matsayin haka. Kuma ba kawai abin da marubucin yake so ya ce an ɗauke shi ba, amma kuma a cikin abin da aka tsara rubutu, da abin da ke ɗaukar. Kuma wannan zai yiwu ne saboda irin waɗannan nau'o'in kamar yadda hankali, kwarewa ta sirri, binciken dabarar ta ciki ta wurin irin reincarnation, "tattaunawa" tare da rubutun. Wannan ilimin "daga cikin" yana ba mu damar fahimtar abin da ke faruwa na al'umma da al'adu, da matsala ta rayuwa.