Hanyar Socratic a matsayin hanya na sani da rayuwa mai kyau

Socrates wani malamin falsafa ne mai ban mamaki cewa cikakkun bayanai game da hanyar rayuwa da kuma bayanan rayuwa sun nuna mana asirin koyarwarsa. Koda ma asalinta yana cikin ma'ana. Da yake kasancewa dan masanin Athenci da kuma ungozoma, mai zaton yana ci gaba da al'amuran obstetrics, wadda mahaifiyarsa ta magance shi, kawai a cikin al'amuran ruhaniya. Ba don kome ba ne cewa hanyar Socrates ake kira maevtika (a cikin fassarar daga Girkanci - "hoton ungozoma"). A farko a tarihin Falsafa-Athenian, Socrates ya mummuna, amma musamman janyo hankalin mutane. Yana da halayen dabi'a a matashi, amma ya rinjaye shi. A cewar masana tarihi, masanin kimiyya ya jure wa matarsa mai suna Xanthippu don ya kasance mai tawali'u. Ransa yana cikin kyawawan m ga Athenian jihar zamanin - lokacin da da Peloponnesian War.

Socrates 'Hanyar da aka gabatar musu a cikin jama'a, a shekara ta 399 BC, a gaban da yawa dalibai. Da farko, ya yi magana sosai game da maganganun Sophists, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa babu gaskiyar, amma ra'ayi daban-daban, kuma ya ce duk abin da yake dangi ne. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa "wani mutum yayi komai duk abin da ya dandana kansa," kamar yadda Socrates ya ce, akwai kuma wani abu mai mahimmanci, wanda yake shi ne mai hukunci, shine Dalilin. Yana da godiya ga Mind cewa mutum zai iya kusanci gaskiya. Tabbatar irin wannan kimanin shine Daimonion (muryar ciki, lamiri), yana da asalin allahntaka kuma yana wakiltar hasken allahntaka cikin mutum.

Ana iya cewa ana amfani da hanyar Socrates a rayuwar rayukan malaman. A gare shi, kuma, ba kamar sauran sifofin ba, tunanin ba abu ne mai hikima ba, amma ƙauna ga shi ("philo-sophia" a cikin harshen Helenanci). Amma wannan ƙauna tana da alaka da rayuwa mara kyau. Saboda haka babban abinda a falsafar - ba wani ontology, kuma xa'a, ba da sarari, da kuma mutum ne ba inda shi duka ya faru, da kuma yadda za su rayu yadda ya kamata. Saboda haka, ilmantarwa ga Socrates shine ƙirar farko. Sophists, kamar yadda mai tunani ya gaskanta, sun cancanci wannan ilimin a fagen tauhidi - wadannan ra'ayoyin ne kawai. Kuma a wannan ma'anar za a iya tabbatar da shi lafiya cewa sani kawai shine a gaskiya mutum bai san komai ba.

Harkokin ilimin falsafa a fannin ilimin dabi'a da kuma nazarin ilimin kimiyya sunyi mahimmanci zuwa kalma daya - dole ne mutum ya san kansa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa an zana kalmomin nan a kan ƙofar Haikali na Apollo a cikin shahararrun masallaci na zamanin duniyar - Delphi. Tsarawa - ne tsari na gano jigon, gano duniya halayyar bambancin abubuwa, da Hanyar shigar da. Amma zane ne kawai a cikin tafarkin ka'idoji da sanin ilimin kai, domin kawai irin wannan ilimin yana haifar da inganta rayuwar mutum da ci gaba da kyautatawa. Akwai abubuwa uku da suka fi muhimmanci da kuma wajibi ga mutum - tawaya, ƙarfin hali da adalci. A matsayin mai tunani, Socrates ya gaskata cewa ilimin dabi'a a kanta yana kaiwa gareshi, domin, duk da rashin binsa, mutum da dabi'ar dabi'a ne, kuma manufar mutane da ke da dalili mai kyau shine cikakken (haɗin gwiwa).

Hanyar Socratic wani nau'i ne na ilmantarwa game da matsalolin dabi'a. Tattaunawa da yawa, rikice-rikice da matsala ta musamman ta haifar da wasu, har ma da ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki da ba tsammani, ta haifar da gaskiya, "inji masanin kimiyya. Lokacin da mai magana ya ga rikice-rikice, shi da kansa yana motsawa cikin tafarkin gaskiya, kamar dai an haifi jariri yana motsi zuwa fita zuwa haske. Kuma wannan gaskiyar ta fara ne tare da ma'anar manufar. Don haka a karo na farko a cikin tarihin falsafanci an bayyana cewa idan babu wata hujja ta fili - babu ilimi. Tun Socrates gaskiyar adalci da ilmi zama kawai a halin kirki jirgin sama, ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa ba za a dauke nagarta da mugunta zumunta sharuddan - bambanci tsakanin su ne cikakkar.

Duk da haka, yawancinsu na zamani ba su fahimci ma'anar koyarwar Socrates ba. Ya kasance da rikicewa tare da sophists (a kalla, saboda haka Aristophanes ya yi masa ba'a a cikin shahararsa), kuma tun da masanin kimiyya ya gaskata cewa shi "kayan lambu" na mulkin demokra] iyyar Athen, kuma ya soki ta (yadda ya kamata don inganta), an zarge shi A cikin leken asiri, rashin yarda da cin hanci da rashawa ga matasa. A sakamakon da fitina shi ne hukuncin kisa. Masanin kimiyya kansa ya sha guba wanda aka shirya masa, yana cewa kafin mutuwar: "Asclepius, dole ne in yi zakara", ma'ana cewa mutuwa ba shi ba ne ba, amma sake dawowa da sauyawa zuwa duniya mafi kyau (a zamanin Girka yana da al'adar kawo allahn warkar da Asclepius Yin hadaya ta godiya ga kawar da cutar). Almajiran Socrates sune Plato da Xenophon, kuma daga ayyukan su mun sani da gaske game da rayuwar da tunani na masanin kimiyya - bai rubuta ra'ayoyinsa ba.