Shigar da kuma cire: tarihi al'amari

By ƙarshen XVI karni a Turai falsafa kafa duk abubuwan da ake bukata domin mika mulki ga ta dalilan matsayi to samu gwaji Hanyar cognition na duniya. Daga cikin gabascin wanda farko ciyar da ra'ayin gwaji kimiyya sun Francis Bacon da Descartes.

Ka'idojin na kimiyya da ilmi ba, sun an kuɓutar da wadannan masana kimiyya, samar da kusan wani sabon falsafa da kuma methodological rubuce- Yana fi mayar nasara da gazawar Aristotle ta Organon da kuma na da scholasticism, wanda ba a gane kwarewa a matsayin tushen ilimi na gaskiya.

A cewar Bacon, to consistently da gaske gano a duniya na yanayi, ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyar na shigar da kuma cire. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na da inductive Hanyar wajibi ne, a ra'ayinsa, bi daga musamman ga general, daga musamman facts zuwa matsar kusa da janar Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa Bacon ya ba da sunan - da talakawan axioms. Wannan zai samar da wata damar tabbatar da daidaito da kuma daidaito a cikin fahimi tsari, tun Bacon gan babban hatsari a miƙa mulki daga mutum events rijista a sani na da hujjojin da nan da nan su generalizations. Wannan dabarar da aka yi tsammani motsi da aka ba adawa da deductive model na syllogistic tattaunawa, da kuma sosai yadda ya kamata kuma ru da shi. A takaice shigar da kuma cire aka organically hade cikin guda methodological kayan aiki. Wannan dabarar ƙwarai fadada iyaka aikace-aikace na kowane daga cikin aka gyara na da inductive-deductive Hanyar baya amfani da kansa.

Bacon jãyayya da cewa akwai wani cikakken da kuma bai cika shigar da, cire, kuma ta haka ne quite a fili a tsare su methodological yiwuwa da kuma wani wuri a cikin general tsarin na fahimi albarkatun ilimin kimiyya na zamani. Cikin mafi girman irin wannan hanya ne dauke da gaskiya zurfin tunani shigar da, shi ne ta ke, a Bacon ta amince da shi, zai iya kai mutum ba ne kawai don a dogara da karshe, amma kuma gaba daya sabon karshe. Kamar yadda tabbaci da kuma shi bada shawarar Resort zuwa wani Hanyar - gwaji, abin da hidima a matsayin mafi kotu dangane da rubutun da za a tabbatar.

Kamar yadda ka sani, yau da definition shigar da aka tsara a fili isasshen - wannan tsari na hawa a da hujja da yawa mutum farillai magana take da karshe naúrar. Cire shafi cin kwallo motsi a cikin wasu shugabanci - daga jimlace karshe mutum zuwa mutum tashoshi da suke da inganci ga dukan abubuwa da dokoki ba sa.

Idan muka yi la'akari da category na shigar da kuma cire a cikin mahallin tarihi da ci gaba, da hoton ne mafi rikitarwa.

A tsufa da kuma tsakiyar zamanai, malaman amfani da yafi cire, wata babbar nasara da kuma siffar abin da yake a Aristotle ta syllogistic. Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, da ra'ayin nan ne directed daga axioms zuwa masu zaman kansu hukunci. Don sanin dokokin yanayi da yin amfani da irin wannan hanya ne ba tasiri, saboda wannan hanya ba dõgara a kan kwarewa. Gina a kan kwarewa iya kawai shigar da, wanda ya shafi binciken da motsi na mutum facts, wanda suke amenable ga gwaji tabbaci, zuwa janar guzuri. Sha'awa, da shigar da shi ne aka bayyana Aristotle da kansa, duk da haka, a cikin lokaci bai biya ta da wani kimiyya da m muhimmancin. Amma na yi la'akari da shi mai iko methodological kayan aiki da aka Francis Bacon da Descartes ɓullo da ka'idodinta m aikace-aikace a kan tushen da gwaji tabbaci na facts. Wadannan masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa shigar da kuma cire iya yi a cikin ilmi daga duniya ayyuka.

Shigar da, aiki a matsayin m ma'ana tattaunawa, sosai yadu a yi amfani da fahimi tsari. inductive dabaru algorithm ne kamar haka: ganowa m Properties na abubuwa na wannan aji, da sani batu yake samar da wani ƙarshe game da duk su na zuwa duk batutuwa da ke cikin aji. Ta hanyar wannan tayin algorithm tunani, shi da aka gano dokar duniya gravitation, na rasa alamu na yanayi matsa lamba dogara da sauran empirical dangantaka cewa wanzu a cikin observable yanayi.

Cire, da nuna wani motsi na tunani daga general ga mutum, taka leda zaunanniya rawa wajen ci gaban na msar tambayar kimiyya a mataki na samar da nasu shiriritar ideas. A wannan yanayin shi ne masomin samuwar sabon tsarin ilmi.

A zamani da kimiyya shigar da kuma cire hulɗa tare da juna sosai kamar yadda, msl, kira da bincike, da kuma su yi amfani da bukatar da ta dace zabi ne yankin inda da matsayi na kowane daga cikin hanyoyin da ake samu cikin mafi girma da sakamako.