Herbert Spencer: biography da asali ra'ayoyin. Turanci Falsafa da sociologist na marigayi XIX karni,

Herbert Spencer (shekaru na rayuwa - 1820-1903) - a Falsafa na Ingila, da babban wakilin za a ko'ina a cikin 2nd rabin karni na 19th evolutionism. Ya nufi da cikakke falsafa, uniform ilmi dangane da takamaiman kimiyyar da ya isa a gaban wata duniya al'umma. Wancan ne, a cikin ra'ayi, shi ne matakin qarshe na ilmi, rufe dukan duniya doka. A cewar Spencer, ya ne evolutionism, cewa shi ne ci gaba. Major ayyuka da wannan marubucin: "Psychology" (1855), "System of Roba Falsafa" (1862-1896), "Social Statistics" (1848).

Farkon rayuwa Spencer

Herbert Spencer da aka haife shi a 1820, Afrilu 27, a Derby. Uncle, ubansa da kakan kasance malamai. Saboda haka matalauta kiwon lafiya da Herbert da cewa mahaifansa biyu ya ma rasa 'yan sau a cikin bege cewa yaron zai tsira. Kamar yadda wani yaro, ya ba su nuna wani mamaki damar iya yin komai, na koyi karatu a kawai 8 shekaru, ko da yake, da littafin shi ne ba mai sha'awar ta. Herbert Spencer a makaranta ya kasance m kuma watsar da wannan m, kuma m. Ya tarbiyyar da aka tsunduma a cikin gidan mahaifina, wanda ya so dansa tsiwirwirinsu m, kuma m tunani. Herbert ta hanyar motsa jiki don inganta kiwon lafiya.

Ilimi Herbert Spencer

Ya aka aika zuwa shekaru 13, bisa ga Turanci al'ada, to ya kawu in dauki reno da kulawa. Thomas, Spencer ta kawu, an yi wani firist a Bath. Shi ne "mai jami'a mutum." Herbert a ya nema, ci gaba da ilimi a jami'ar Cambridge. Duk da haka, bayan wata uku-shekara shiri Hakika na tafi gida. Ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da ilimi a kan nasu.

Taba kaicon Herbert Spencer cewa ilimi ilimi ba samu. Ya kasance mai kyau makaranta na rayuwa, wanda daga baya ya taimaka wajen shawo kan da yawa daga cikin matsaloli da ci karo da a warware matsaloli daban-daban.

Spencer - m

Spencer mahaifin so dansa ya zama malami, dole ka bi a zambiyõyin. Karbar a sakandare, shi gaske taimaka ga 'yan watanni a makaranta, inda ya yi karatu da kansa sau daya, daya malami. A Spencer nuna gwaninta a matsayin malami. Amma shi ya fi sha'awar kimiyya da lissafi fiye da philology da kuma tarihi. To, a lõkacin da gina reluwe barrantar da injiniya, ya amince da tayin ba tare da jinkirin, Herbert Spencer. Tarihinsa a wannan lokaci da aka alama da cewa ya yana aikata aikinsa, sai ya sketched da tsare-tsaren, kusantar maps. Mu ne sha'awar wani zurfin tunani ko ƙirƙira musamman kayan aiki ( "velocimeter"), tsara don auna gudun jiragen kasa.

Features Spencer a matsayin Falsafa

Mafi yawan progenitor Falsafa Herbert Spencer, wanda biography da aka bayyana, a wannan labarin, daban-daban m nuna hankali. Wannan ya kawo shi zuwa ga Comte, kafa positivism, kuma Renouvier, Neo-cewa, ma, bai kammala ba shakka na al'adu a jami'ar. Wannan yanayin ya instrumental a cikin samuwar na asali falsafa Outlook Spencer. Amma akwai a cikinta, da drawbacks. Alal misali, ya, kamar Comte, ba ta san da iri na Jamus harshe, don haka ayyukan da masana falsafa da suka rubuta a kan shi, ba zai iya karanta a cikin na asali. Bugu da kari, a lokacin farkon rabin karni na 19th a Ingila zauna ba a sani Jamus gabascin (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, da sauransu.). Kawai tun lokacin da marigayi 1820s, Birtaniya fara samun Masana mawallafa daga Jamus. A farko fassarorin a lokaci guda sun sosai matalauta quality.

Kai-da ilimi, da farko falsafa rubuce-rubucen

A cikin hannãyen Spencer a 1839 fall a cikin "Principles of Geology" Lyell. Ya hadu a kan wannan abun da ke ciki tare da ka'idar juyin halitta daga rayuwa. Spencer har yanzu Keen injiniya ayyukan, amma yanzu ta bayyana cewa wannan sana'a ne mai karfi da kudi wuri shi bai da garantin. Herbert a 1841, sai ya koma gida da kuma ya kasance na tsawon shekaru biyu a kai-ilimi. Ya samun matsahi na saba da ayyukan litattafansu na falsafa da kuma aka buga a lokaci guda da ya fara ayyukansu - articles rubuta ga "ba conformists", kishin al'amurran da suka shafi na gaskiya iyakoki na gwamnati aiki.

Herbert sake a 1843-1846 shekaru aiki a matsayin m, abu ofishin. Yana da sha'awa a mafi al'amurran siyasa. Babban tasiri exerted a kan shi a cikin filin kawun Thomas, wani firist wanda bin, da bambanci ga sauran members na Spencer iyali, ra'ayin mazan jiya ra'ayoyi, da halarci Democratic Movement, da Chartists, kazalika da yakin neman zabe ga abolition na Masara Hakoki.

"Social Statistics"

Spencer a 1846 ya zama mataimakin editan "The Economist" (mako-mako). Ya yi tsiwirwirin kyau, da sadaukarwan kayayyakin lokaci nasu aikin. Herbert ya rubuta cewa, "zaman statistics", a cikin wanda ci gaban rayuwa a matsayin wajen yin hankali allahntaka ra'ayin. Ya daga baya sami wannan ra'ayi ma teologichnym. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan aiki, Spencer amfani da zamantakewa da rayuwa da ka'idar juyin halitta.

Yana bai je kada a gane wannan muqala kwararru. Daura da soyayya Spencer ELLISTE, Lewis, Huxley. Har ila yau, wannan aikin sanã'anta shi Raya Makon da abokai kamar Hooker, Georg Groth, Stuart Mill. Kawai tare da Carlyle dangantaka bai wanzu ba. M da sanyi Spencer iya ba kai ya gall mummunan zato.

"Psychology"

Hadishi wahayi zuwa ga nasarar da farko aikin. Ya wallafa a lokaci daga 1848 zuwa 1858 da dama sauran lokuta da ake la'akari da shirin, da aiwatar da abin da zai so a duƙufa a rayuwa. Spencer amfani a "Psychology" (na biyu takarda, da aka buga a 1855), a dangane da ilimin halin dan Adam na jarrabawa da na halitta Origin of Species, kuma ya nuna cewa mai Generic kwarewa za a iya dangana da inexplicable mutum. Saboda haka, Darwin yi imani da cewa Falsafa a matsayin daya daga da magabata.

"Roba Falsafa"

A hankali, Spencer farawa wajen samar da kansa tsarin. Yana da aka rinjayi da empiricism na magabata, yafi Mill da Hume, Kant ta zargi, refracted ta cikin Prism na Hamilton (wakilin makaranta da ake kira "kowa ma'ana"), kazalika da positivism na Comte da na halitta falsafar Schelling. Duk da haka, babban ra'ayin na falsafa tsarin ya da ra'ayin raya kasa.

"Roba Falsafa", da babban aiki, Herbert ya kebe shekaru 36 da ransa. Wannan aiki ne Tsarki ya tabbata Spencer, wanda ya sanar da mafi m Falsafa rayuwa a wancan lokacin.

Herbert Spencer a 1858, ya yanke shawarar zuwa bushãra da littafin da ayyukan da biyan kuɗi. A farko batun ya buga a 1860. A lokacin daga 1860 zuwa 1863 zo "Basic Principles". Duk da haka, saboda kudi matsaloli edition wuya cigaban.

kudi matsaloli

Spencer sha wahala wahala da kuma asara, shi ne a kan gab da talauci. Ya kamata mu ƙara zuwa wannan aikin wanda ya hana m ci. A 1865, da Falsafa ce mai zafi da masu karatu cewa tilasta dakatar da fitarwa daga cikin jerin. Bayan shekaru biyu, bayan Herbert ta Mahaifinmu ya rasu, ya karbi wani karamin gado, wanda aka da ɗan inganta ta kudi halin da ake ciki.

Saba da Youmans, da aka buga a Amurka

Herbert Spencer a lokacin ya gana da Youmans, an American, wanda ya wallafa ayyukansa a Amurka. A cikin wannan kasar, Popular Herbert zama a baya fiye da a Ingila. Material goyon bayan shi da Youmans da American magoya, da damar da Falsafa a ci gaba bazawa daga cikin littattafan. Shekaru 27 na aminci ya ci gaba da Youmans da Spencer, ga mutuwa na farko. Sunan Herbert hankali ta wãyi gari da aka sani. Da bukatar ya littattafai. Yana maida hankali ne akan a 1875, kudi asarar da, ribar.

Spencer ke sa a cikin shekaru 2 tafiya zuwa kudu na Turai da kuma Amurka, da suke zaune a mafi yawa a London. A 1886, da Falsafa saboda matalauta kiwon lafiya da aka tilasta katse masa 4 shekaru na aiki. A karshe girma da aka buga a 1896, a cikin kaka.

Herbert Spencer: Basic Ideas

Babban aikin ( "Roba Falsafa") ta ƙunshi 10 kundin. Yana hada da "Basic Principles", "Tushen tunani", "Harsashen na Biology", "Harsashen na ilimin halayyar". A Falsafa yi imanin cewa, dalilin da ci gaban da dukan duniya, kuma ciki har da daban-daban al'ummu, shi ne wani juyin dokar. Al'amari na "incoherent homogeneity" shiga "jiwuwa heterogeneity", da aka bambanta. Wannan dokar duniya ne, ya ce Herbert Spencer. Taƙaitaccen bayanin watsi duk nuances, amma da farko sani da falsafar wannan shi ne isa. Spencer ya bi sawun ta mataki a kan wani takamaiman abu a fannoni daban daban, ciki har da tarihi na al'umma. Ya ki yarda tauhidin bayani na Herbert Spencer. Ilimin halayyar shi ne bã tãre da dangane da allahntaka. Ya fahimtar da aiki na jama'a a matsayin mai rai kwayoyin na m sassa kara da kewayon nazarin tarihi da kuma nuna da Falsafa a nazarin da shi. A cewar Herbert Spencer, dokar ma'auni ne tushen juyin halitta. A yanayi na wani warwarewarsu ta kyautata manufofin kullum koma baya a jihar. Wannan ne organicism na Herbert Spencer. Tun asali darajar nasa rearing haruffa juyin halitta ne jinkirin. A dangane da nan gaba ba kamar yadda kaffa kamar yadda Mill da Comte, Herbert Spencer. Babban ideas ya aka mun taƙaice tattauna.

Hadishi mutu a 1903, Disamba 8, a Brighton. Ya rayu, duk da ya matalauta kiwon lafiya, fiye da 83 years.

Herbert Spencer ka'idar zama da aka sani zuwa ga ilimi da mutane. Yau, za mu daina tunanin ko manta game da wanda bashi da gano wannan ko da ra'ayin. Herbert Spencer, ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da kuma falsafa da taka leda a babbar rawa wajen ci gaban na duniya tunani, shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma da hankalinsu a tarihi.