A falsafa na XX karni. Neo - Cigaban ne ...: wakilan, bayanin da kuma siffofin

Neo - wannan makaranta na tunani, wadda ta ƙunshi ra'ayin na empiricism. Wannan darasi ne ga gano a duniya ta hanyar yin amfani da azanci shine kwarewa. Kuma dogaro a kan dabaru, rationality da kuma lissafi don su iya systematize da ilmi. Koma bayan tunanin positivism ne ma in ba haka ba ya kira wannan yanki, da ya ce idan ka kawar da dukan abin da ba shi yiwuwa a san, duniya da aka sani. Neo, wanda mambobin rayuwa mafi yawa a Warsaw da Lvov, Berlin, har ma a {asar Amirka, da nuna alfahari kawo wannan lakabi. Bayan yakin duniya na farko, da yawa daga cikinsu suka yi hijira zuwa yamma a Turai da kuma a fadin tekun Atlantic, wanda da gudummawar da yaduwar koyarwar.

Tarihi na ci gaba

Da farko ya yi magana game da sabon shugabanci na Ernst Mach da Lyudvig Vitgenshteyn. A cewar su kuma ya bayyana cewa cigaban - wani kira na metaphysics, tunani da kimiyya. Daya daga cikinsu ma ya rubuta wani rubutun a kan dabaru, wanda ya jaddada tsakiyar matsayi na kunno kai makaranta:

1. Our tunani da aka iyakance kawai ta harshe, saboda haka, da karin wani rai bai san harshen da fadi da samuwar, da m kara tunaninsa.
2. Akwai daya ne kawai duniya, facts, events da kuma kimiyya ci gaba da aka ƙaddara, kamar yadda muka kwatanta shi ya zama.
3. Kowane shawara nuna duniya kamar yadda ta gina wannan dokokin.
4. Duk wani hadadden jumla za a iya rushe a cikin 'yan sauki, kunsha da gaske na facts.
5. Higher siffofin rayuwa fi gaban a faɗi. Kawai sa, ruhaniya ikon yinsa, ba za a iya auna da kuma fitarwa a matsayin kimiyya dabara.

Machism

Wannan lokaci ne sau da yawa amfani da wani dangantawa ga definition of "positivism". Its halitta dauke Mach da kuma Richard Avenarius.

Mach an Austria likita da kuma Falsafa, ya yi karatu makanikai, gas kuzarin kawo cikas, acoustics, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta da kuma otorhinolaryngology. Babban ra'ayin shi ne Machism cewa kwarewa kamata samar da wani ra'ayi na duniya. Positivism da neo-positivism matsayin rukunan, fada domin wani empirical hanya na ilimi, sun ƙaryata Machism, ainihin tabbatarwa cewa - falsafar da aka daure su zama kimiyya da cewa karatu da mutum hankalta. Kuma kadai hanyar samun ilimi game da hakikanin rayuwar duniya.

tattalin arzikin tunani

Neo-falsafa - wani sabon wahayi na wani tsohon matsala. "Tattalin Arziki tunani" za a yarda a rufe a kalla tambayoyi tare da m na kokarin. Yana da wannan hadin m da kafa Cigaban-dauke da mafi m, ma'ana da kuma shirya gudanar da bincike. Bugu da kari, wadannan masana falsafa yi imani da cewa a gaggauta kimiyya ƙirƙirãwa da kuma kwatancin da kuma bayani na harshe ya kamata a cire daga gare su.

Mach yi imani da cewa mafi sauki da kimiyya, haka shi ne mafi cancanta ga manufa. Idan definition of a kalla tsara kawai kuma a fili, shi nuna gaskiya hoto na duniya. Machism ya tushen cigaban, ya aka gano tare da "Bio-tattalin arziki" ka'idar ilimi. Physics ya rasa ta tarin zahirin bangaren, falsafa ma ya zama kadai hanya zuwa nazarin harshe. Saboda haka neo-amince. Its wakilan nemi wani sauki da kuma tattali fahimci duniya, cewa suka jera nasara.

Vienna da'irar

A sashen na Vienna University of inductive kimiyya a da'irar mutane so ya yi nazarin kimiyya da falsafa a lokaci guda. A akida core daga cikin kungiyar da aka Moritz Schlick.

David Hume za a iya kira daya more mutum ya inganta cigaban. The matsaloli da cewa ya dauke m kimiyya kamar yadda Allah, kurwa, da kuma wadannan tarin zahirin fannoni, ba abu na bincike. All mambobi ne na Vienna Circle sun daidaita gamsu da cewa abubuwa ba su tabbatar da empirically, ba su muhimmanci da kuma ba ya bukatar cikakken nazari.

epistemological ka'idodin

A cikin "Vienna School" da aka tsara su ka'idodin ilmi na duniya. Ga wasu daga cikinsu.

1. All mutum ilmi dogara ne a kan azanci shine fahimta. Wasu facts ba za a iya nasaba. Abin da wani mutum ba zai iya fahimtar empirically, ba ya wanzu. Kamar wancan ne aka haife daya more manufa: wani ilimin kimiyya za a iya rage zuwa sauki jumla, bisa azanci shine fahimta.
2. Sanin cewa mu sami hanyar ji ji, ne gaskiya. Sun kuma gabatar da manufar gaskiya da kuma yarjejeniya shawarwari cewa canza hali to kimiyya formulations a general.
3. Babu shakka duk da ayyuka na ilimi an rage wa da bayanin irin samu majiyai. Neopositivists duniya ne a totality of kwaikwayo, tsara a cikin sauki sentences. Positivism da kuma cigaban ƙi ba definition zuwa waje duniya, gaskiya da kuma sauran tarin zahirin abubuwa, la'akari da su m. Su main aiki ya yi da sharudda ga kima na mutum majiyai da umurnin su.

theses

Musu daga sama ra'ayoyi da matsaloli musamman siffofin ilmi da kuma sauƙi na halitta muhimmanci wahalad da irin wannan abu a matsayin neo. Wannan bai sa shi mafi m ga m magoya bayan. Biyu da muhimmanci da maki cewa sun kasance madogara na wannan Trend, tsara kamar haka:

- Gyaran wani matsala bukatar ta hankali wording, don haka da dabaru ne tsakiya zuwa falsafa.

- Kowane ka'idar, ba a priori, ya zama samuwa don tabbatar da empirical hanyoyin da cognition.

postpositivism

Positivism, neo-positivism, postpositivism - links a cikin wannan jerin dabaru. Wannan Trend in falsafa ya bayyana a lokacin da masana kimiyya ya gane cewa ya kirkiro duk kimiyya abstracts tushen kawai a kan empirical shaida, ba shi yiwuwa. Daidai da kasa da kuma ƙoƙari ya ware daga falsafar metaphysics, kiwata classic matsalar mutum da mutãne. The sosai fitarwa daga wannan al'amari ya sanya shi yiwuwa a ce cewa cigaban - shi ne m tsarin ga halitta da kimiyya da bincike. Lafiya na ba mai da shi ne aikin da Karla Poppera "dabaru na kimiyya samu." A fore dabaru da kuma m look at matsalar, kuma a matsayin kimiyya, sa'an nan a karkashin kowane al'amari ya da wani zai bukatar shaida tushe.

Positivism da kuma cigaban rabu amfani ga hanzari gwamnatin kimiyya ci gaba. Da ake bukata a sabo ne look kuma kowa falsafa m. Postpositivism dauke inadmissible zuwa raba kimiyya da falsafa, ya ƙaryata m adawa da metaphysics, da kuma sauran fannoni na filin daga tabbas karshe. Neo-falsafa - shi ne wani damar ya dauki kan logicians hankulansu. Amma da suka lalace da sauƙi, kuma empiricism a kan bango na wani hanzari gabatowa gaba.