A falsafa na Renaissance taƙaice. Wakilai daga cikin falsafar da Renaissance

A falsafa na Renaissance - wani sabon abu halayyar da Yammacin Turai, XIV-XVII ƙarni. Kalmar "Renaissance" (amfani da wani Italian version - Renaissance) a hade da gabascin dauke da zuwa tsufa akida peculiar Tarurrukan Greek kuma Roman falsafa. Amma fahimtar abin da yake tsufa, mutane XIV-XV ƙarni. Yana da aka da ɗan gurbata. Wannan ba abin mamaki: wata Millennium rabu da su daga fall na Roma, kuma kusan biyu - daga heyday na zamanin d Girkanci dimokuradiyya. Amma duk da haka jigon da falsafar da Renaissance - anthropocentrism - aka samu daga zamanin d kafofin kuma a fili adawa da na da ascetics da kuma shagala daga abubuwa na duniya scholasticism.

Fage na

Yadda ya yi da falsafar da Renaissance? Short description na aiwatar iya fara da ambaton cewa akwai wani amfani a cikin real duniya da kuma mutum wuri a cikin ta. Yana faru kwatsam a wannan lokaci. By da XIV karni. bayan rasuwarsa da kansa tsarin mulkin gargajiya na Sin. Yana girma da kuma ci gaba cikin sauri Municipality. Wannan shi ne musamman m ya a Italiya, inda tun lokacin da aka ba sõmammu hadisin na tattalin arziki mulkin kai na manyan birane kamar Roma, Florence, Venice, Naples. A Italiya daidaita sauran kasashen Turai.

A wannan lokaci, da dominance na cocin Katolika a duk duniyoyin rayuwa fara auna a kan mutane: wadanada suka nema su taimaka da tasiri na da Paparoma kuma zo cikakken iko, kuma da birane yawan jama'a da kuma manoma bar zuwa languish karkashin wuce karkiyar haraji a kan limaman bukatun. A kadan daga baya, shi zai kai ga motsi ga gyaranta na Church da Kristanci a tsaga a Yammacin Turai Katolika da kuma Protestantism.

XIV-XV ƙarni. - zamanin babban Gwargwadon binciken, a duniya ya fara zuwa ya zama ƙara sarari da idon basira, da kuma muni fit cikin Procrustean gado na Kirista scholasticism. A bukatar systematize kimiyya da ilmi da kuma zama na fili makawa. Masana kimiyya sun fi vocal game da m tsarin da duniya, da tasiri a kan matakai da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai, ba mu'ujizar Allah.

A falsafa na Renaissance (takaice): na asali ra'ayoyi da kuma ka'idojin

Wannan gano duk wadannan mamaki? Babban fasali na falsafa na Renaissance - marmarin fahimtar duniya ta hanyar kimiyya, wanda ya samo asali a zamanin d Girka da aka m manta a cikin duhu tsakiyar zamanai, da hankali ga mutum zuwa rukunoni irin su 'yanci, daidaito, da kuma ga na musamman dabi'u - adam rayuwa.

Duk da haka, da ƙayyadaddu na zamanin ba amma shafi cikin shakka daga cikin ci gaban da falsafa da tunani, kuma ta fiɗãci rigingimu da mabiya fatawowi da hadisin da aka haifi wani sabon gaba daya ra'ayinmu game da duniya. A falsafa na Renaissance taƙaice koya kayan yau da kullum na zamanin d gadon, amma muhimmanci modified kuma suna goyon bayan su. New lokaci buga kafin mutumin a 'yan wasu al'amura fiye da shekaru 2,000 kafin, ko da yake da yawa daga cikinsu suna dacewa a dukan zamanai.

A ideas na Renaissance akan falsafar ka'idojin kamar:

• Anthropocentrism na falsafa da kuma kimiyya da bincike. Man - tsakiyar sararin samaniya, da ginshikin dabi'u da kuma tuki da karfi.
• Musamman da hankali ga halitta da kuma daidai kimiyyar. Kawai ta hanyar koyo da kuma ci gaba, za ka iya gane tsarin duniya, to san ainihin.
• Halitta falsafa. Nature ya kamata a yi karatu kamar guda dukan. Dukan abubuwa a duniya ne guda, duk matakai ne m. Samun su san su a da dama siffofin da kuma yanayi mai yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar wani kira da a lokaci guda ta hanyar wani deductive m daga cikin mafi girma a ga kankare.
• Pantheism - ganewa na Allah da yanayi. Babban burin wannan ra'ayin da aka sulhunta kimiyya da coci. An sani cewa Katolika wazo biyã wani nazarin kimiyya. A ci gaba ba Yunƙurin zuwa pantheism irin wannan m yankunan kamar ilmin taurari, sunadarai (da bambanci to pseudoscience na Alchemy da search for da Falsafa ta dutse), kimiyyar lissafi, magani (zurfin nazari na mutum tsarin, ta gabobin, kyallen takarda).

periodization

Tun da Renaissance rufe quite babban lokaci lokaci, domin a mafi cikakken bayanin ta conventionally kasu kashi uku lokaci.

1. Humanist - tsakiyar XIV - na farko da rabi daga cikin XV karni. Alama nuna daga theocentrism zuwa anthropocentrism.
2. Neoplatonic - na biyu da rabi daga cikin XV - na farko da rabi na XVI karni. Hade da juyin mulki ganewarsu.
3. Physiophilosophical - na biyu rabin XVI - XVII a farkon shekarun. Ƙoƙarin yin sabawa da-kafa da kuma yarda da Church ganewarsu.

Ware karin waɗannan wurare na Falsafa da Renaissance, kamar:

• Siyasa (ci gaba a Neoplatonic lokacin), wanda aka halin search for jigon da kuma yanayin da ikon wasu mutane a kan wasu.
• Utopian. A social falsafa na Renaissance (daidai da na biyu da kuma na uku lokaci) a cikin wani abu kama da siyasa shugabanci, amma a cikin Search Center ya manufa nau'i na mutum Gwamuwar a cikin birnin da kuma jihar.
• Gyaranta (XVI-XVII ƙarni.) - ne da nufin gano hanyoyin da na sake fasalin dokokin da Church a bisa sabon hakikar, da adana ibada a rayuwar mutum, da mulki na dabi'a neotritsanie kan kimiyya.

Janar halaye na lokaci

Yau, da kalmar "Adam" samu wani dan kadan daban-daban ma'anar fiye da a cikin Renaissance. Yana nufin da kare hakkin yan juna da ragowa, sadaka. Amma da masana falsafa na Renaissance ne a wani ajali farko tana nufin cewa a cibiyar falsafa bincike ba Allah ko da Allah a wajen ɗabi'arsa, da kuma mutumin da ransa a duniya. Saboda haka, idan muka takaice takaice, falsafa na tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance - shi ne mai daban-daban sabon abu. Sun kasance sha'awar diametrically nuna adawa al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma ba zai iya daukar zama gefe da gefe.

farko akidojin

A farko shugaba na bil'adama ideas fara Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Lorenzo Valla, Dzhovanni Bokachcho. Ayyukansu a hanyoyi daban-daban, amma shi ne quite fili ya bayyana falsafar da Renaissance anthropocentrism, cewa shi ne tsakiyar ga mutum ta wurin a duniya hoto.

Humanism yada farko ba su da wani jami'a sashen, da kuma a ɓõye tattaunawa tsakanin manya da aristocrats. Scholastica ya da yawa daga cikin talakawa, ko kuma wajen da waɗanda suka sarrafa da talakawa, da hukuma rukunan da humanism - a falsafar ga zaba kunkuntar da'irar ilimi Elite.

Iyakacin duniya da maki - falsafar tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance. A takaice gabatar da shi, zai yiwu a cikin wata sanarwa cewa shi ne na farko Falsafa na Renaissance halitta a karni kafa da kanta a kan siffar da Dark Ages matsayin duhu mafarki daga mutãne. Suka fara juya ga tsoho labaru da hotuna domin ya nuna su ideas. The aiki na falsafa na tausaya wajama'a gani a koma da "zinariya shekaru" - na tsufa, kuma domin wannan sun kaddamar da ayyukan nufin inganta zamanin d al'adunmu - translation cikin Latin kuma ko da daraja vernacular kiyaye misalai na zamanin d Girkanci bala'i da comedy. An yi imani da cewa na farko annotated fassarorin na zamanin d texts, sanya a cikin XV-XVI ƙarni., Aza harsashin ginin zamani philology.

Dante Alighieri - mai haske wakilin humanism lokaci

Don faye hali bil'adama Renaissance lokaci a cikin tarihi na falsafa ba shi yiwuwa ba su zauna a kan tarihin rayuwar wannan da wata ãyã a gare shi ya Figures kamar Dante Alighieri. Wannan mashawarta zurfin tunani da kuma wani mawãƙi a cikin m aiki "The Divine Comedy" Ya sanya mutum tsakiyar adadi a cikin labari. Wannan shi ne duk da mafi ban sha'awa da cewa sauran duniya hoto ya kasance kamar a tsakiyar zamanai - harsãshin gini ga Church da hakan na allahntaka arziki ya ba tukuna aka shafa. Amma duk da haka a cikin "Divine Comedy" daki-daki, kuma sosai gano taswirar Kirista underworld. Wannan shi ne mutumin da ya shiga cikin yankin na allahntaka arziki. Idan kawai a matsayin 'yar kallo, iya baki da kuma tasiri cikin shakka daga events, amma mutum ne riga a cikin allahntaka da'irar.

Wannan halittar Church yaba sosai korau, ko da maƙiya.

mutum makoma a Dante ta ganewarsu ne kai-kyautata, da bin wata babbar manufa, amma cikakken ba a cikin barranta domin na rayuwa, kamar yadda kuma ya bayyana a cikin falsafa da na tsakiyar zamanai. Don "The Divine Comedy" da kuma Paints a launuka duk masu yiwuwa na rayuwa da rai bayan mutuwa, to tura shi zuwa sama hukunci mataki a cikin gajeren rayuwa na duniya. Marubucin maki ga Allah asalin mutum da na kowa burin - farkarwa ya nauyin da incessant kishin ilmi enrichment. Anthropocentric falsafa na Renaissance Dante taƙaice samu ta magana a cikin "waƙar yabon Allah ga adam a cikin mutuncinsa," busa a cikin "Divine Comedy." Saboda haka, da imani da wani babbar manufar mutum a duniya, iyãwarsa ga manyan ayyuka, zurfin tunani aza harsashin ga wani sabon, bil'adama rukunan mutum.

Ci gaban da ra'ayin a cikin ayyukan Franchesko Petrarki

Muhimmai na bil'adama Outlook kayyade Dante, sami sabon ci gaba a cikin ayyukan Franchesko Petrarki. Ko da yake mayar da hankali na Genre daga cikin ayyukansa (sonnets, canzone da madrigals) sosai daban-daban daga majestic ikon da syllable Dante ya bayyana ra'ayoyin na humanism a su tare da daidaita tsabta. Peru wannan mawãƙi nasa ne a yawan falsafa treatises: "A wani Kadaitaccen rai," "Invective a kan maƙiyansa," "A kan kuma wani jahilcin," "Game da zuhudu dama" tattaunawa "My m."

A cikin misali na Petrarch sosai a fili cewa anthropocentrism ba zama ba fãce wani sabon dabara na falsafa, amma ganewarsu samu dabiu, tsarin na al'adu dabi'u. Ya fito fili ya saɓa wa Scholastic rukunan, idan akai la'akari da yawa daga cikin gaskiya Falsafa asusun da nasa tunani, maimakon commenting a kan sauran mutane ta. Kuma daga falsafa tambayoyi Petrarch dauke fifiko waɗanda aka yi a tsakiya kusa da mutum da rayuwarsa, da ciki burin jama'ar da ayyuka.

Ainihin ra'ayin tausaya wajama'a - yana da hakkin ya yi farin ciki

Da farko, a cikin ayyukansu na Dante ta falsafa na Renaissance (Humanism) ɗauke da wani kira ga kai-kyautata, austerity da kuma juriya naushe na rabo. Amma ya gaje ta farko da rabi daga cikin XV karni. - Lorenzo Valla - ya cigaba da kira ga mataki ya zuwa yaƙi domin su akida. Daga cikin tsoho falsafa makarantu ya ne mafi m zuwa Har wa yau - bayyanannu a cikin hirar "A yardar" da "A gaskiya da ƙarya mai kyau", a cikin abin da ya bambanta mabiya Epicurus da Stoics. Amma da bin masu zunubi jin daxi, halayyar Har wa yau, a nan ya samu wani daban-daban hali. Ya ke jin dadin ra'ayin wani zalla da'a, ruhaniya hali. Domin Lorenzo Valla musamman falsafa na Renaissance taƙaice rage zuwa m imani a cikin m yiwuwa na tunanin mutum.

Babban nasara da humanist masana falsafa XIV-XV ƙarni. cewa suka yi yaƙi domin 'yan adam da hakkin ya ci gaba, kai-cikar da kuma farin ciki a real rayuwa a duniya, da kuma ba a cikin Church na yi muku wa'adi afterlife. Allah yana zaton mai kyau da kuma irin, ya yake a cikin m manufa na duniya. Kuma mutum halitta a cikin siffar Allah, Allah, shi kadai tsakanin halittu masu rai, baiwa da dalilin da aiki ruhu, ya kamata ku yi jihãdi ga canza duniya da kuma mutanen da ke kewaye da shi ga mafi alhẽri.

Creative Search shãfe ba kawai da abun ciki amma kuma siffar: tausaya wajama'a sun koma ga wani zalla wadanda mutane Genre wakoki, falsafar treatises a misali na tsufa dimbin yawa da tattaunawa, samar da almarar da kuma raya da epistolary salo.

zaman jama'a da ãdalci

Social Falsafa na Renaissance gurgunta harsãshin gini ga na da zamantakewa matsayi quite sauki da kuma halitta roko ga Littafi Mai Tsarki, cewa dukan mutane masu daidaita a kan haqinsu, domin wannan halitta a cikin siffar Allah, Allah. A ra'ayin daidaici da duk 'yan adam sami karin aiki part masana falsafa a lokacin haske, kuma a yayin da shi ne kawai ya ayyana, amma wannan ya riga ya kasance mai yawa bayan da mulkin gargajiya tsakiyar zamanai. Tausaya wajama'a ba su kai wata muhawara tare da Church, amma imani da cewa scholastics da demagogues karkatar da koyarwarsa da bil'adama falsafa, a maimakon haka, za su taimake su koma zuwa ga gaskiya bangaskiyar Kirista. Wahala da azaba ne m yanayi, kuma ta haka ne ba faranta wa Allah rai.

A cikin mataki na biyu na ta ci gaba tun da tsakiyar XV karni., Renaissance falsafa abubuwan da fassara a cikin wani sabon hanyar koyarwar Plato, Aristotle da Neo-Platonic makaranta daidai da hakikar da na wannan zamanin.

Babban wakilan da ra'ayin social daidaito

Daga cikin Thinkers na wannan zamani, musamman wuri ne shagaltar da Nikolay Kuzansky. Ya kasance daga ra'ayin cewa motsi zuwa ga gaskiya - shi ne wani m tsari, cewa shi ne, to kai ga gaskiya ne kusan ba zai yiwu. Wannan yana nufin cewa wani mutum ne ba su iya ganin duniya kewaye da mu zuwa mutuža cewa shi damar da shi zuwa ga Allah. Kuma zuwa ga fahimtar Allah a wajen ɗabi'arsa ne ma bayan mutum iko. Babban fasali na falsafa na Renaissance an takaita a cikin ayyukansu "simpletons" da "A Koya jahilci", inda a karo na farko a fili fita da manufa na pantheism, a matsayin hadin kai na duniya, da Cusa, aikata da Allah.

Kai tsaye zuwa ga falsafar Plato da Neoplatonists yana nufin mai karatu rubutun "Platonic Kalam na kurwa marar mutuwa," Marsilio Ficino. Ya, kamar Nicholas na Cusa, ya kasance adept pantheism gano Allah da kuma duniya, a wani matsayi tsarin. Ideas falsafa na Renaissance, wanda ya furta cewa, a mutum ne cikakke kuma kamar Allah, shi ne kuma wani baƙo don Ficino.

Pantheistic falsafa kai ta apogee a cikin aikin na Pico della Mirandola. Hadishi zaton cewa Allah - shi ne mafi girma da kamala, a kewaye a cikin wani ajizai duniya. Wannan mahanga a farkon XV karni. Yana nuna duniya da falsafar da Renaissance. Synopsis Mirandola koyarwar cewa fahimta na duniya ne daidai da fahimta da Allah, da kuma wannan tsari ko da yake da wuya, amma karshen. Shi ne kuma achievable kuma kamalar mutum, domin ya aka halitta a surar Allah.

Pantheism. Petro Pomponatstsi

Wani sabon falsafa na Renaissance, a takaice da aka bayyana a wannan labarin, aro Aristotle ta ka'idodinta abin da aka ce a cikin rubuce-rubucen na Petro Pomponatstsi. Ya ga jigon duniya a akai gaba motsi daga cikin da'irar, a cikin ci gaba da kuma maimaitawa. Babban fasali na falsafa na Renaissance samu amsa kuwwar a cikin "rubutun a kan kurwa marar mutuwa." Ga marubucin ba substantiated hujja daga cikin mutuwa da rai na yanayi, game da shi, iƙirarin cewa a gaskiya da kuma farin ciki kasancewar shi ne zai yiwu a cikin wannan rayuwa, kuma ya kamata ku yi jihãdi ga shi. Saboda haka shi ya dubi a takaice Pomponazzi falsafar da Renaissance. Ainihin ideas cewa ya professed - wani mutum alhakin rãyukansu da pantheism. Amma da latest a cikin sabon karatu: Allah ne ba kawai a naúrar da yanayi, shi ne ko da ba free daga gare ta, sabili da haka ne ba ta da alhakin muguntar da ya faru a duniya, tun da Allah ba zai iya karya da kaddara domin na abubuwa.

Waƙar Erasmus

A cikin bayanin wannan sabon abu ne da falsafar da Renaissance, shi wajibi ne su taɓa taƙaice kerawa Erasmus. Shi ne bayyananne Kirista a cikin ruhu, amma na fi gabatar da su mutum da tsananin kokarin da ake bukata daga gare shi. Wannan ya ba da wata babbar alhakin gudana kai-ci gaba da kuma kai-ainihi. Erasmus ruthlessly fallasa da gazawar da fatawowi da falsafa da kuma mulkin gargajiya tsarin a general, ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi a kan wannan batu a cikin rubutun "Gõdiya ta wauta". A wannan wawanci Falsafa gan cikin hanyar duk da rikice-rikice, da yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma husuma, shi ne censuring daga ainihin falsafar da Renaissance. Humanism kuma samu amsa kuwwar a cikin rubuce-rubucen da Erasmus. Shi ne mai irin waƙar yabon Allah da 'yanci na mutum ba, kuma nasa alhakin duk bad kuma ayyukan ƙwarai.

Utopian ideas daidaita

A social falsafa na Renaissance shugabanci ne mafi fili karara a cikin koyarwar Thomas More, mafi daidai a cikin sanannen aiki "Utopia", wanda sunansa daga baya ya zama synonymous. Mor wa'azi renunciation na masu zaman kansu dukiya da kuma duniya daidaici.

Wani wakilin zamantakewa da siyasar Trend, Niccolo Machiavelli, a cikin rubutun "The Sarkin sarakuna" ya kafa hangen nesa yanayi na jihar iko, da dokoki na siyasa da kuma hali na mulki. Don cimma hakan raga na Machiavelli, abin nufin su dace. Wani sunyi tir da shi domin irin wannan promiscuity, amma ya kawai ya lura da dokokin.

Saboda haka, ga mataki na biyu daga cikin muhimman al'amurran da suka shafi ne: yanayin da Allah da kuma dangane da duniya duniya, mutum 'yanci da akida na gwamnati.

Bright alama Dzhordano Bruno

A cikin uku mataki (na biyu da rabi na XVI karni.), Its raya falsafa na Renaissance amfani da kewaye adam duniya, wani sabon fassara da dokoki na jama'a dabi'un da kuma dokokin halitta.

Koyarwar kyawawan dabi'u kishin "kwarewa" Michel de Montaigne, inda misalai aikatã game da wasu kyawawan yanayi da kuma bayar da tips a kan yadda za a nuna hali. Yana mamaki cewa Montaigne, ba kãfirtarsu da kwarewa da past ƙarnõni a cikin wannan adabi, ya gudanar ya halicci koyarwa, dacewa wa yau.

M adadi na halitta falsafa na XVI karni. Ya zama Giordano Bruno. Author falsafa treatises da kuma kimiyya da ayyuka, ya ba su musanci Allahntakar, kokarin gane jigon da duniya da cosmogony. A cikin aikinsa "A cikin hanyar, farko da kuma guda" Falsafa jãyayya da cewa samaniya yana daya (da shi kullum ya na tsakiyar manufar koyarwarsa), immobile da iyaka. Janar halaye na falsafa na Renaissance a Giordano Bruno bayyana a matsayin Naira Miliyan Xari da ra'ayoyi na pantheism, halitta falsafa da kuma kimiyya da bincike anthropocentrism. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa yanayi ne da aka bai wa wani rai, shi ne bayyana daga cewa shi ne kullum gwamnatin. A Allah - shi ne kamar sararin samaniya, da kuma cewa - su ne iyaka da kuma daidaita da juna. Manufar na mutum search - kai kyautata, da kuma kyakkyawan da tsarin kula da kallo na Allah.

Janar karshe

Wannan irin samu a karshen mataki na falsafa na Renaissance. A takaice wakilan sun bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucen a matsayin tada zuciyar dan Adam, kamar yadda wani 'yanci daga duhun zalunci da jahilci na iko. Yana gane darajar kowane mutum rayuwa. Saboda haka shi za a iya bayyana a takaicce falsafar da Renaissance. Its wakilan ba kawai falsafa, amma ya yi aiki a filin na kimiyyar yanayin halitta, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Giordano Bruno da Galileo Galilei, kuma Nicolaus samman. Su fito da idãnu garzaya zuwa sararin sama da kuma pantheism, halayyar zamanin da. Sun gano Allah ba kawai da yanayi, amma tare da wani iyaka talikai. Taƙaitaccen bayanin da falsafar da Renaissance a XVI-XVII ƙarni. Yana hada ba kawai da ra'ayin pantheism da na halitta-falsafa nema, amma kuma kara raya da bil'adama views. Period bukatar mutane su ci gaba da kyautata, alhakin da ƙarfin hali a cikin search domin ma'anar rayuwa a duniya da kuma halin Allahntaka da dukan kõme.

Domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata shi ne bincika da kimiyya duniya falsafar da Renaissance. Janar halaye takaita a Dilteya Vilgelma rubuce-rubucen, Rasha masana tarihi - Buychik, Luchinina, Losev.