Gerhard Schroeder - Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Jamus: Tarihi

Daya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mafi shahararrun Jamus a farkon karni na 21 - Gerhard Schroeder (Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schroeder - don haka sunansa cikakke sauti). Ba za a iya kiransa ba sauƙi da sauƙi. Duk abin da ya gudanar ya cimma a rayuwa, gaba daya ya bashi.

Fara farkon hanyar rayuwa

Gerhard aka haife shi a Mossenberge cewa a Lower Saxony (yanzu tarayya Jihar Arewa Rhine-Westphalia). Iyalin Schröder sun kasance daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci. Kamar yadda Gerhard kansa kansa ya ce, sun kasance "abubuwa masu sulhu".

Iyaye ba su da ilimi. Kafin yakin duniya na biyu Baba Fritz yayi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na rana kuma ya karɓa sosai. Kudi ba ya isa ba, saboda iyali ya girma tare da yara. 'Yan mata uku (Gunhilda, Heiderosa da Ilsa) da kuma ɗan yaro Lothar suna da bukata. Amma wannan kudin shiga bai tsaya ba bayan bayanan da mutum ya yi don yaki a 1940. Da zarar Fritz ya tsere zuwa gida don ɗan gajeren lokaci. A karshen 1943. Bayan wannan ziyara, wani bakin jin yunwa ya bayyana a cikin iyali - Gerhard ya haife shi a Afrilu 7, 1944. An sanar da matar game da haihuwar ɗanta a wasika da ya karɓa a lokacin rani. Bai yi nasarar ganin ɗansa ba, bayan 'yan watanni bayan haihuwa (Oktoba 4, 1944), Sr. Schroeder aka kashe a Transylvania kusa da ƙauyen Cheanu-Mare (Romania).

Mahaifiyar Gerhard Erika ta yi aiki a gonar. Don ciyar da yara, ya ɗauki wani ƙarin aikin: wanke wanke, wanke tufafi. Bayan yakin ya sake yin aure. Mahaifina na da rashin lafiya. A lokutan jin daɗi na so in sha wuya. Kada ku mutu saboda yunwa ku taimaki kyawawan makwabta, amfanin zamantakewa da kuma fatar ku.

Makarantar makaranta

Gerhard Schroeder ba zai iya karatu a makaranta ba na dogon lokaci. Wajibi ne don yin rayuwa. Abokan aboki sukan cutar da wani yaro da yaro. Gerhard ya koyi yin amfani da kwarewarsa don rage haɓaka. Ƙarfin ba shine, amma yana da ikon. Yaro ya yi nazari sosai don farin ciki na uwarsa. Saninsa, ya sanya kansa a cikin sabis: ya ba da takarda zuwa ga abokan aiki mafi karfi a musayar don kariya.

Ƙarin ƙarfin zuciya, Gerhard Schroeder ya ji tare da malaman. Da yake kasancewa da tabbaci game da yarda da shi, zai iya yin sa'o'i masu jayayya da su, yana tabbatar da haƙƙinsa. Da yake lura da kwarewarsa, har ma malaman sunyi annabci babban makoma a gare shi.

Daga shekara goma sha huɗu yaro ya fara hada karatu da aiki. A shekara ta 1958, ya koma wurin sashen maraice kuma ya fara samun kudi a cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Sayarwa kayan abubuwa masu yawa (ƙusoshi, sutura, tsalle-tsalle, hinges, hooks, launi da kowane kayan da ake bukata don gyara) bai kawo riba mai yawa ba. Samun watanni 150, ɗalibin da ya ci gaba ya so ya karɓi takardar shaidar. Duk rayuwarsa da aka kashe a cikin kayan gini ba shine iyakar mafarkinsa ba. Ya yanke shawarar kansa kuma ya yi wa mahaifiyarsa alkawarin cewa zai zama lauya.

Zuwa ga mafarki

Gerhard Schroeder ya iya cika mafarkinsa kawai a cikin shekaru 22. A wannan zamani, ya shiga Faculty of Law a Jami'ar GigTttingen. Daga cikin dalibai daga iyalan likitoci, lauyoyi da 'yan kasuwa, shi kaɗai ne wanda ya hada da karatu tare da aiki. Da ci gaba da wannan bai taɓa tasiri ba, ya yi nazarin kusan daidai.

Ko da kafin shiga Jami'ar Göttingen (a 1963), Schröder ya zama mamba na SPD. Ayyuka, nazarin, aikin siyasa - duk daliban da aka yi amfani da shi sunyi aiki.

Ayyukan Ayyuka

Bayan samun digiri na tsawon lokaci a shekarar 1971, dan siyasar Jamus a nan gaba ya zauna a jami'arsa. Yana aiki a sashen shari'a. A shekara ta 1978 ya fara yin aiki na shari'a. Sabuwar wurin rayuwa da aiki shine babban birnin Lower Saxony, birnin Hanover. A nan ya zauna har 1990. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya tare da kariya ga hakkokin 'yan kasuwa a cikin rikici mafi sauki. A hankali ya kara girma don shiga cikin laifuka. Ya zama lauya sananne a Hannover da kewaye.

Wannan birni ne wanda ya fara aikin siyasa na lauya mai basira. Kusan lokaci ɗaya tare da samuwar kansa a cikin sana'a, ya zama shugaban "Socialists Social". Wannan ita ce sunan ƙungiyar matasa na SPD.

Kulawa cikin siyasa

Yin aiki a kan hanyar shari'a ba da daɗewa ba ya zama kusa. A 1980, an zabi Gerhard Schroeder a karo na farko a Bundestag. Tun daga wannan lokaci, tarihin mutumin ya danganta da tarihin Jamus. Tuni a 1986 ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar Social Democratic Party of Jamus a Lower Saxony. Bayan shekaru uku sai ya maye gurbin memba na Presidium na SPD.

Yuni 21, 1990 - kwanan wata alama a cikin rayuwar dan siyasa. Schroeder Gerhard ya zaba firaministan kasar Lower Saxony.

A tsakiyar shekarun da suka gabata ya kawo asarar kuri'un SPD. Ko da yake Schröder Gerhard ya zaba a matsayin dan takara don mukamin ministan harkokin wajen, ministan bai yi nasara ba. Jam'iyyar ba ta samu kuri'un da aka buƙata ba, kuma ba su shiga cikin tsarin gwamnati ba.

A shugaban Jamus

Za ~ u ~~ ukan 1998 ya nuna tasiri da kuma tabbatar da sakamakon da aka yi bayan an yi nasara a zabukan da suka gabata. Bayan kammala yarjejeniyar da kungiyar Green Party, Social Democrats ya zo kan mulki. Gerhard Schroeder ya jagoranci hadin gwiwa. Ya alkawarta ya kawo ƙarshen aikin rashin aikin yi, don fara ci gaban tattalin arziki na kasar, mamba ya yi imani. Bugu da ƙari, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Jamus ta yi alkawarin inganta yanayin ta hanyar tallafawa 'yan kasuwa da kuma tabbatar da mutunci ga tsarin kare lafiyar jama'a.

Kalmar farko a shugaban Jamus ta zama jarrabawar ƙarfin ra'ayin dan siyasa. An tilasta Schroeder ya zabi tsakanin hanyoyi guda biyu na ci gaban kasar. Ma'aikatan Neo-Liberals sunyi shawarar aiwatar da canje-canjen tsarin tare da rage tsarin shirye-shiryen jama'a don jama'a. Sashen Social Democrat na hagu ya ci gaba da kara yawan haraji ga yankuna masu arziki. Ya na farko version of Shreder Gerhard tsaya, ministan tattalin arziki Oskar Lafontaine gudanar na biyu hanya. Wannan ya haifar da rushewarsu da rushewar ikon jam'iyyun tsakanin jama'a.

A watan Satumba 2000, bayan shekaru goma sha shida, Helmut Kohl ya yi murabus. Schroeder shine wakilin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus.

Zaben na gaba a shekara ta 2002 kusan ya ƙare a sabon shan kashi. Sa'annan alkawuran da ba a cika ba sun haifar da rashin amincewa da manufofin Schroeder. Sai dai rikici da rikice-rikice da mamaye Amurka ta Iraki ya taimaka wajen samun damar dan kadan akan CDU. Ambaliyar ruwa a Jamus ta Gabas, taimako ga gwamnati ga wadanda suka kamu da rauni sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nasarar SPD. Kodayake irin wannan manufar ya haifar da rikici a cikin dangantaka da FRG-Amurka, gaskiyar kasancewar jigilar Jamus da Rasha-Faransa sun bayyana a sarari.

Shekara na gaba ita ce kaddamar da shirin na Agenda 2010 (Agenda 2010). Babban manufar wannan shirin shi ne tabbatar da tsarin aikin. Don rage rashin aikin yi, an gabatar da manufofi don tayar da aikin samar da ayyukan, rage yawan kuɗi a kan asusun fensho da kuma zamantakewar zamantakewa, da kuma ƙayyadadden kulawar kiwon lafiyar. Jagoransa ya cika alkawarin da ya yi na yakin neman yaki da aikin rashin aikin yi: yawan marasa aikin yi ya kai kashi 8.8 cikin dari na yawan mutanen da suka kai ga tsakiyar tsakiyar shekara ta 2007, wanda kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7 ne.

Manufofin Gwamnatin Tarayya, ba tare da la'akari da bukatun 'yan jam'iyyar Social Democrat ba, sun jawo hankalin su daga jam'iyyar. A shekarar 2005, an kafa Jam'iyyar Left, wanda ya kunshi kwaminisanci na tsohuwar GDR da kuma wadanda suka fito daga SPD. Shekaru daya kafin wannan taron, Schröder Gerhard, Shugaban Jam'iyyar Jamus, ya mika wa jam'iyyarsa Franz Müntefering nasara.

A cikin watan Mayu 2005, an raunana SPD a zabukan da ake ciki. Kusan kashi 37.1% na kuri'un da aka za ~ e na nuna rashin amincewa da manufofin jam'iyyar. Kuma ko da yake jam'iyyar ta mulki a wannan ƙasa a cikin shekaru talatin da tara da suka wuce, mafi yawan kuri'un da aka kada a cikin CDU (44.8%). Wannan tsari ya haifar da asarar SPD na mafi rinjaye a cikin Bundesrat, wanda aka canja shi zuwa ƙungiyar CDU-CSU. Sabili da haka, Schroeder ya dauki mataki don gudanar da za ~ u ~~ uka a watan Satumba na 2005, shekara guda kafin a kare lokacinsa.

An shirya za ~ en na Satumba 18. Ba wanda zai iya hango sakamakon sakamakon su. Jam'iyyar Social Democratic da ƙungiyar CDU-CSU sun sami kusan kuri'un kuri'un. Babu wani ko wata ƙungiya ta sami dama ta kirkiro gwamnati. Jam'iyyun sun shiga tattaunawa kuma sun amince da su haifar da "babban haɗin gwiwa" na SPD-CDU-CSU. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2005, Angela Merkel ta zama shugabar Jamus.

SPD ta gudanar don samun maki takwas. Ministocin da suka biyo baya sun zama mahimmanci a karkashin jagorancin 'yan dimokuradiyya: kudi, adalci, harkokin waje, hadin kai da bunkasa tattalin arziki, aiki, kiwon lafiya, kare muhalli, sufuri. Tsohon magajin gari ya ki amincewa da tayin don daukar matsayi a gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Jamhuriyar Tarayya, ya sanar da ƙi umarnin a Bundestag.

Rayuwa bayan siyasa

Schroeder Gerhard (Chancellor na Jamus a 1998-2005) ya janye daga siyasa kuma ya zurfafa kasuwanci. A cewarsa, shekarun shekaru sittin da daya ba zai iya zama dalilin dashi daga kasuwanci ba. Don zama a gida, don wulakantar matarsa da tayar da yara, ba ya nufin. Saboda haka, bayan da ya yi murabus, ya kasance a cikin manyan al'amurra a ayyukan duniya.

Schroeder ya jagoranci kwamiti na masu hannun jari na mai kula da aikin ginin Arewa na Turai na Gas Pipeline a kan rafin Baltic Sea. Kowace shekara Gazprom ya biya shi kashi hudu na kudin Tarayyar Turai. Tun shekara ta 2006, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawarwari ga kwamitin shawara na Ƙungiyar Bankin Ƙasa ta Turai wato Rothschild Croup.

Iyali: daidaito a cikin unpredictability

Gerhard Schroeder yayi kokari ya kirkiro iyalinsa sau hudu. Wannan gaskiyar ita kadai tana nuna rashin tabbas. Gerhard kansa yayi la'akari da hakan.

Na farko aure shi ne mafi guntu, kawai shekaru hudu. Ƙaunar dalibi ya wuce da sauri, Eva Shubah a 1972 ya aika don saki. Ba da daɗewa ba Gerhard ya sake yin aure. Matar ta biyu, Anna Tashenmacher, ta hana rayuwar iyali tare da Schroeder na shekaru goma sha biyu. A shekara ta 1984, dangin ya rushe don ƙirƙirar yanayi don ƙoƙari na uku. Auren da Hiltrud Hansen ya ƙare shekaru goma sha uku bayan haka.

Yanzu Schröder ya auri Doris Köpf. Wannan jarida mai jarida yaro ne fiye da mijinta a cikin shekaru goma sha tara. Daga farkon aure tana da 'yar Clara. Schroeder ba shi da 'ya'ya. Ma'aurata sun yanke shawarar daukar 'ya'ya biyu. Dukansu yara daga asibiti na Rasha a St. Petersburg. Saboda haka, a shekara ta 2004, Victoria mai shekaru uku ya bayyana a cikin iyalansu, kuma a shekara ta 2006 - karamin marubuci Gregor.

Babban iyalin suna son tennis. Mahaifinsa yana ƙoƙari ya ƙaddamar a cikin kowa da kowa sha'awar koyon harsuna na waje, musamman Ingilishi, wanda shine harshe na sadarwar kasuwanci. Gerhard ado jazz, don haka har ma da ƙaramin memba na Gregor iyali san shi.

Gerhard bai san ubansa ba, amma ya yi wa kakanninsa sujada. A kan tebur, siyasa duk wani hoto ne na Fritz Schröder a matsayin wani soja na Wehrmacht. A shekarar 2004, Gerhard ya ziyarci kabari a Cheanu-Mar inda aka binne mahaifinsa. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da ya tsufa fiye da mahaifinsa (a wancan lokacin yana da shekaru 60).

Wata uwa marar ilimi, wadda ba ta yi imani da kalmomin ɗanta ba, bai fahimci rayuwarsa ba. Ya koyi ƙoƙari ya yi dukan abin da yake uwarsa.

Kaddamar da manufar tsarin Schroeder

Kasancewar rashin jin daɗi tare da sakamakon aikin mai magana na siyasa yana magana akan shi azaman siffa. Gerhard Schroeder, wanda tsarinsa yake cike da rikice-rikice, ba banda bane.

Da farko dai, shugabannin kasashen da dama sun kasance cikin hasara bayan da aka sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar ta NEGP (North Europe Gas Pipeline a kan rafin Baltic Sea) tsakanin Rasha da Jamus. Alexander Lukashenko ya kuma kira wannan aikin "Rasha mafi girman". Shugabar daya daga cikin jam'iyyun Jamus, Guido Westerwelle, ake zargi da cin hanci da rashawa. Gaskiyar ita ce Schroeder ya yi ta tuhumar shi a kotu, a kan yanke shawarar wanda ba zai iya zarge tsohon dan takara ba don sha'awar NEGP.

Hanya na biyu da ta haifar da fushi ita ce rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Schroeder a shekara ta 2004 don tallafa wa Amurka a yayin da suke mamaye Iraki. Wakilin Majalisar Dattijai Tom Lantos a bude a Birnin Washington na wani abin tunawa da aka bai wa wadanda ke fama da kwaminisanci, a 2007, ya kira ayyukan Schroeder "karuwancin siyasa."

Masu jefa kuri'a sun fara bayyana rashin jin daɗin bayan da aka buga a Bild. Wannan jaraba ga shan giya mai tsada daga Faransa, ƙaunar Cuban cigar (game da hamsin hamsin kudin), yin sujada na kayan Italiyanci na Italiyanci na kudin Tarayyar Turai dubu ashirin da dubu biyu ne suka kalubalanci zaben nan da nan bayan da dan siyasa ya ƙaunata.

Zaben 2005 don lashe Schroeder kawai ba zai iya ba. Yana da alama cewa ba kome ba ne, amma masu jefa kuri'un maƙaryata sun amsa gaskiyar cewa dan siyasar yana shafa gashinsa.

Sakamako na mulkin shekaru bakwai

Sakamakon mulkin Schroeder ya zama dokoki masu ban sha'awa. Ya kasance tare da shi cewa hada da karuwanci a cikin jerin ayyuka, da auren jima'i sun zama doka. A lokaci guda kuma, mata sun sami damar yin aiki a cikin Bundeswehr. Kuma shahararrun shari'ar Hartz na IV ya haifar da haɓaka. Irin wannan dokoki na dokoki za a iya sa ran kowa, amma ba daga mutumin da yake fama da rashin talauci a lokacin yaro ba.

A gaskiya, mazaunan kasar sun yi adawa da matsayinsu na adawa da Amurka lokacin da suka ƙi shiga cikin yaki a Iraki ta hanyar bakin Gwamnatin Tarayya. Maganar "Rikar duniyar duniya" tana aiwatarwa a hanyar da aka tsara. Jamus ta yarda da dukkan manufofi na manufofin kasashen waje da manufofin Turai na yau da kullum. Kasancewa na haɗin EU, kasar bata nuna kanta a waje da Turai ba.

Tsohon shugaban kasa da kansa ba ya ɓoye kyakkyawan kima na hanyar rayuwarsa ba. Daga raguwar yunwa, marayu maraba zuwa shugaban Jamus din, wannan shine sakamakon aikin siyasa.