Ƙungiyar tsaro da hadin kai a Turai (OSCE): tsarin, manufofin

Ƙungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin kai a Turai tana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci wanda ke da muhimmiyar aiki shine don kiyaye zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a nahiyar. Tarihin wannan tsarin yana da shekaru goma. Amma ainihin tasiri na kungiyar ya dade yana da rikici. Bari mu ga abin da Kungiyar ta Tsaro da Haɗin kai a Turai ita ce, koyi da manufofinta da ayyukansa, da kuma taƙaitaccen tarihin ayyukan.

Tarihin halitta

Da farko dai, bari mu gano abin da aka halicci OSCE.

Manufar yin shawarwari da wakilai na jihohin da za su bayyana mahimman ka'idodin siyasa na kasa da kasa a yankin, an gabatar da su a Bucharest a shekarar 1966 daga wakilan kasashen Turai daga sansanin zamantakewa, wadanda suka kasance daga cikin rundunar ATS. Daga bisani wannan shirin ya taimaka wa Faransa da sauran kasashen yammaci. Amma gudunmawar da aka bayar ta wurin matsayin Finland. Wannan kasa ce wadda ta ba da shawara ta rike waɗannan tarurruka a babban birninsa - Helsinki.

An fara matakai na farko tun daga Nuwamba 1972 zuwa Yuni 1973. A taron da aka gudanar wakilai 33 kasashen Turai, kazalika da Canada da kuma Amurka. A wannan lokacin, ci gaba da shawarwari na musamman don kara haɗin gwiwa, dokoki da kuma tanadin tattaunawa.

An fara taron farko a farkon Yuli 1973. Tun daga wannan ranar ne aka kididdiga ayyukan OSCE. A wannan mataki, ministocin harkokin waje na kasashen Turai duka, sai dai Albania, da kuma jihohi biyu na Arewacin Amirka sun halarci taron. An sami maki a kan manyan batutuwa, wanda aka nuna a cikin "Ƙarshen Bayanan".

A mataki na biyu, wanda aka gudanar a Geneva daga watan Satumbar 1973 zuwa Yuli 1975, wakilan kasashe masu kwangila sun bayyana muhimman abubuwan da suka hada da hadin gwiwar juna, domin su fi dacewa da bukatun dukkan mahalarta, da kuma daidaita dukkan batutuwan da aka yi.

An sanya hannu a kai tsaye a cikin karshen watan Yuli - farkon Agusta 1975 a Helsinki. Shugabannin manyan kasashe 35 sun ba da gudummawa a ciki. Yarjejeniyar ƙarshe ta kasance sunan mai suna "Dokar Final CSCE", kuma an kira shi Helsinki.

Sharuɗɗa na asali na Helsinki Accords

Rubutun ƙarshe na Yarjejeniyar Helsinki bisa ga al'amuran da aka tsara sune sakamakon sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa manyan ka'idoji 10 na dokokin shari'a na kasa da kasa. Daga cikin su, ka'idodin rashin amincewa da iyakokin yankuna na ƙasashen Turai, ba da tsangwama ba, daidaito na jihohi, kula da 'yanci na' yanci, 'yancin al'ummomi don yanke shawarar makomar su ya kamata a rarrabe su.

Bugu da} ari, yarjejeniyar da aka ha] a hannu a kan dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin al'adun gargajiya, siyasa-siyasa, shari'a da jin kai.

Ƙarin ci gaba na kungiyar

Tun daga wannan lokacin, kwamitin sulhu da hadin kai a Turai (CSCE) ya fara sadu akai-akai. An gudanar da tarurruka a Belgrade (1977-1978), Madrid (1980-1983), Stockholm (1984), kuma a Vienna (1986).

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci shi ne taron a birnin Paris a watan Satumba na 1990, inda jagorancin shugabannin kasashen da suka halarta suka shiga. Ya karbi shahararren shahararren Paris, wanda ya nuna ƙarshen Yakin Cold, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar makamai, da mahimman al'amuran kungiyoyi don ƙarin shawarwari.

A lokacin ganawar Moscow a 1991, an yanke shawara kan matsayin fifiko ga 'yancin ɗan adam akan dokokin gida.

A 1992, a taron na Helsinki, an gyara CSCE. Idan a baya ya kasance, a gaskiya, wani taro don sadarwa tsakanin jagorancin jihohi, daga wannan lokacin ya fara zama kungiya mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa. A cikin wannan shekara, Stockholm ta gabatar da sabon sakon - Sakatare Janar na CSCE.

A 1993, a wani taron da aka gudanar a Roma, an cimma yarjejeniya a kafa kwamitin zaunannen, inda kasashen da suka halarta suka aika wakilan su don wakilci.

Sabili da haka, CSCE ta ƙara fara samun sifofi na ƙungiyar ci gaba. Don kawo sunan cikin layi tare da ainihin tsari, a 1994 a Budapest an yanke shawarar cewa yanzu CSCE za a kira kawai Organization for Tsaro da hadin kai a Turai (OSCE). Wannan tanadi ya fara ne daga farkon 1995.

Bayan haka, an gudanar da babban taro na wakilan OSCE a Lisbon (1996), Copenhagen (1997), Oslo (1998), Istanbul (1999), Vienna (2000), Bucharest (2001), Lisbon (2002), Maastricht (2003), Sofia 2004), Ljubljana (2005), Astana (2010). A wa] annan al'amurra, an tantauna al'amurra game da tsaro na yanki, ta'addanci, rabuwa, da kuma matsalar 'yancin] an adam.

Ya kamata a lura cewa, tun farkon shekara ta 2003, Rasha a OSCE na daukan matsayi wanda ya bambanta da na sauran kasashe masu shiga. Saboda wannan dalili, yawancin maganganu na yau da kullum an katange. A wani lokaci, har ma yayi magana game da yiwuwar janyewar RF daga kungiyar.

Manufofin

Manufofin da kasashe OSCE ke gabatarwa a gaban kansu shine cimma nasarar zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a Turai. Don cika wannan aiki, kungiyar tana taka rawa wajen warware rikice-rikice tsakanin ikoki da cikin jihohin membobinta, da iko da yaduwar makamai, ya jagoranci matakan tsaro don hana yiwuwar rikice-rikice.

Kungiyar tana lura da yanayin tattalin arziki da ilimin kimiyya a yankin, kazalika da kiyaye hakkin Dan-Adam a Turai. Ana gudanar da ayyukan OSCE don gudanar da za ~ e a cikin} asashe masu ha] in gwiwa ta hanyar aika masu kallo zuwa gare su. Ƙungiyar ta ƙarfafa ci gaban cibiyoyin mulkin demokra] iyya.

Kasashe masu shiga

Turai tana da mafi yawan wakilci a cikin kungiyar. OSCE cikin duka yana da kasashe mambobi 57. Baya ga Turai, jihohi biyu daga Arewacin Amirka (Kanada da Amurka), da kuma wasu kasashen Asiya (Mongoliya, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, da sauransu) sun shiga cikin wannan kungiyar.

Amma matsayi na ɗan takara ba shine kawai wanda ke cikin kungiyar ba. Abokan hulɗar juna shine Afghanistan, Tunisia, Marokko, Isra'ila da sauran wasu jihohi.

Tsarin tsarin OSCE

Ƙungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin kai a Turai tana da tsarin kulawa da yawa.

Don magance al'amurran da suka fi muhimmanci a duniya, taron kolin shugabannin kasashen da gwamnati ke ganawa. Yan yanke shawara ne na wannan jikin da ke da muhimmancin gaske. Amma ya kamata a lura cewa lokacin ƙarshe wannan taron ya faru a shekara ta 2010 a cikin Astana, da kuma kafin wannan - kawai a 1999.

Ba kamar taron ba, taron majalisar ministoci ya taru a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, don tattauna batutuwan da suka fi muhimmanci, aikinsa shi ne ya zaba babban Sakataren kungiyar.

Ƙungiyar ta OSCE ta Tsakiya ce babban tsari na wannan tsari, wanda ke aiki a kan dindindin kuma ya hadu a kowane mako a Vienna. Ya shiga cikin tattaunawar batutuwa da aka gabatar da kuma yanke shawara akan su. Shugaban yanzu yana shugaban wannan jikin.

Bugu da} ari, muhimmancin tsarin tsarin OSCE, shine majalisar dokokin, da Ofishin Cibiyar Democrat, da Cibiyar Harkokin Tsaro.

Mutum na farko a cikin OSCE shine shugabanci da kuma sakatare janar. Za a tattauna muhimmancin wadannan wurare da kuma wasu tsarin tsarin OSCE a cikin ƙasa.

Shugaban-in-ofishin

Shugaban ne a cikin ofishin yana kula da gudanarwa da kuma tsara ayyukan na OSCE.

Wannan matsayi ne wanda Ministan Harkokin Harkokin Waje na kasar ke kula da shi wanda ke zaune a OSCE a wannan shekara. A shekara ta 2016 wannan Jamusanci mai daraja ne wanda ke gudana ta hanyar Jamus, wanda ke nufin cewa shugaban kungiyar OSCE shi ne ministan harkokin waje na Jamus F.-V. Stannayer. A shekara ta 2015, wakilin Serbia, Ivica Dacic, ya dauki mukamin.

Ayyukan jagorancin sun hada da hada aikin OSCE, da kuma wakilcin wannan kungiyar a matakin kasa da kasa. Alal misali, Ivica Dacic a shekarar 2015 ya dauki wani ɓangare na aiki a cikin warware rikicin rikici a Ukraine.

Matsayin Babban Sakataren

Abu na biyu mafi muhimmanci a cikin kungiyar shi ne Sakatare Janar. Za a gudanar da zabe a wannan shekara a kowace shekara ta majalisar ministoci. A halin yanzu, sakatare na Italiya shine Lamberto Zannier.

Babban Sakatare Janar ya hada da gudanar da sakatariyar kungiyar, wato, shi ne shugaban shugabancin. Bugu da ƙari, wannan mutumin yana aiki a matsayin wakilin OSCE a lokacin da babu shugaban majalisa.

Majalisar majalisar

Majalisar Dokokin ta OSCE ta hada da wakilan dukkan 57 na mahalarta. An kafa wannan tsari a 1992 a matsayin ƙungiya mai fassara. Ya ƙunshi wakilai fiye da 300 waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙasashen da suka halarta.

Babban hedkwatar wannan jikin yana cikin Copenhagen. Mutum na farko na majalissar majalisun su ne shugaban da sakatare janar.

Kwamfuta na musamman da uku na aiki a cikin PACE.

Criticism

Kwanan nan, zargi ga kungiyar tana ci gaba. Masana da dama suna jayayya cewa a wannan lokacin OSCE ba zai iya magance matsalolin kalubalantar gaske ba kuma yana bukatar a sake fasalin. Dangane da yanayin yanke shawara, da yawa daga cikin 'yan majalisa za su iya kalubalancin shawarar da yawancin mambobi ke taimakawa.

Bugu da ƙari, akwai abubuwan da ke faruwa a yayin da aka yanke shawarar yanke shawarar OSCE.

Muhimmancin OSCE

Duk da rashin galihu, yana da wuya a yi la'akari da muhimmancin OSCE. Wannan rukunin shine dandamali inda kasashen da ke halartar zasu iya samun mahimmanci a kan batutuwa masu rikitarwa, warware rikicin, yarda akan matsayin haɗin gwiwa a kan maganin wata matsala. Bugu da} ari,} ungiyar ta yi} o} ari don tabbatar da 'yancin] an adam a} asashen Turai da mulkin demokra] iyya.

Kada ka manta cewa a lokacin da aka kare Cold War, ba kalla ba saboda godiya a cikin tsarin CSCE. Bugu da} ari, wajibi ne a yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa sabuwar kungiyar ta dauki nauyin kalubalen kalubalen siyasa da na agaji. Kuma wannan yana buƙatar gyaggyara OSCE.