Ferrous da kuma wadanda ba ferrous karafa. A amfani, wadanda ba ferrous karafa. Non-ferrous karafa - shi ne ...

Metals kewaye da mu ko da yaushe, kuma a ko'ina. A yau shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin abubuwa da dama da muka yi amfani da kowace rana. Kamar dubi a kusa da dakin inda ka kasance, to fahimci abin da gaske ne.

Ko a makaranta, mun san cewa duk wadannan ma'adanai kayan kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin - ferrous da nonferrous karafa. Wanne daga gare su rababbe zuwa rukuni, kuma dole mu gano. Mene ne maras ferrous karafa da zama a wannan duniya tamu?

Mene ne baki karfe

By "ferrous karfe" yana nufin category baƙin ƙarfe, da dukan gami, wanda a yanzu wanzu. Pure baƙin ƙarfe da aka samu sai dai cewa kawai a gudanar da bincike dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Wannan shi ne yafi karfe.

Wannan irin karfe da aka kafa ta mahadi baƙin ƙarfe da carbon da kuma Bugu da kari na karin abubuwa da ba sakamakon karfe daban-daban Properties ake bukata a cikin wani musamman yi (misali, Magnetic).

Iron da Karfe

Yawanci, a samar da ferrous karafa gwada da dama misali bulan: tama da hakar kuma da magani a wani harin bom gagarumar wuta. Sa'an nan baƙin ƙarfe da aka samu, daga abin da baya sami wani nau'i na karfe, da baƙin ƙarfe gami. Recent sau da yawa amfani a manyan masana'antu. A bambanci, wadanda ba ferrous karfe ne a softer abu da ciwon da dan kadan daban-daban Properties, suna amfani da wani yanki.

The baƙin ƙarfe abun da ke ciki hada da 93% na baƙin ƙarfe da kuma game da 3-5% carbon da saura abubuwa a kananan yawa. Wannan abu ne da wuya amfani da samar saboda shi yana da friability. Yana za a iya gani a yi na wasu iri bututu, bawuloli ko bawuloli. Amma mafi yawan girma na samar da alade baƙin ƙarfe (90%) da aka sarrafa a cikin karfe.

The main iri karfe, wanda aka yi na baƙin ƙarfe ne: carbon da low carbon (taurare) karfe, bakin, ferritic-Chrome, Chrome, martensite-Chrome, Chrome-vanadium-alloyed, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum da manganese karfe.

Karafa

A tsarki tsari, da kashi na lokaci-lokaci tebur yana kunshe ne a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi a wani wajen adadi kaɗan (kawai 5.5%). Amma shi ne sosai wani ɓangare na daban-daban na baƙin ƙarfe ores.

A mafi muhimmanci adibas (gefe na fiye da 30 tiriliyan ton) ne yadudduka na ferruginous quartzite, wanda shekaru ne fiye da biliyan biyu da shekaru. Suka yada yafi a wuraren kamar Arewa da Kudancin nahiyar Amirka, Afirka, India da kuma West Australia.

Mene ne wani maras ferrous karafa

Wani babban rukuni na karafa, sabanin baya daya, yana da taushi Properties, su ne mafi roba, mallaka thermal da lantarki watsin, lalata juriya, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

Non-ferrous karafa - hadin gwiwa sunan duk karafa da su gami, tare da togiya na baƙin ƙarfe. Za su iya har yanzu a kira "wadanda ba ferrous karafa", wanda yake shi ne kawai adalci.

nonferrous karafa ne:

- Gold, da azurfa, platinum (daraja karafa).

- aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, beryllium (haske).

- tagulla, da kuza, da gubar, tutiya, cobalt, nickel (tsanani).

- niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, tungsten (tsaurin).

- indium, gallium, thallium (warwatse).

- scandium, yttrium da kuma duk na lanthanides (m).

- radium, technetium, actinium, polonium, thorium, francium, uranium da kuma transuranic abubuwa (rediyoaktif).

A tarihin da ba-ferrous metallurgy

Non-ferrous karafa a yau yadu a yi amfani da injuna, sinadaran masana'antu, yi da kuma wasu yankunan na samarwa. Godiya ga kimiyya da ci gaban fasaha da ikon yinsa, daga wannan abu ne kullum fadada, kuma karafa samar da fasaha ya ci gaba da inganta.

A tsawon lokaci, da yin amfani da wadanda ba ferrous karafa girma, wanda ya kai ga gano sabon abubuwa da sunayen. More kuma mafi fara da za a yi amfani da karfe samar. A farkon karni na 20th, shi da aka yi amfani da game da 15 lakabi, kuma kawai shekaru 50 daga baya - biyu sau more. Yau yana amfani da fiye da 70 daban-daban karafa, wanda shi ne mafi rinjaye a cikin halin yanzu da aka sani.

da matakin na girma a cikin bukatar da nauyi ba ferrous karafa ne saboda da girma bukatun yaki masana'antu (domin samar da harsasai), amma kungiyar haske amfani a cikin Aerospace da kuma sarari masana'antu.

Group of haihuwa daraja massively amfani dasu don yin kayan ado da kuma ado. A cikin 90s na karni na 20th 78% zinariya, 36% platinum da kuma 15% na azurfa aka yi amfani da wadannan dalilai. Idan ka dauki sauran yankunan da suke amfani da m ba ferrous karafa, - wani lantarki samarwa (zinariya da lambobin a na'urorin), mota samarwa (game da 43% na platinum), da azurfa, da aka yi amfani da sarrafa fim da kuma daukar hoto kayan.

Musamman wadanda ba ferrous karafa

Kowace daga cikin karafa na wannan kungiya yana da kaddarorin wadda ayyana shi a cikin mafi yawan na cikinta. Yana kuma sa yin amfani da wadanda ba ferrous karafa a da yawa masana'antu.

Saboda haka, misali, yawancin su suna halin da high zafi iya aiki da kuma thermal watsin, wanda ya ba su ikon da sauri sanyaya bayan waldi. Akwai downside zuwa wannan: a lõkacin da aiki tare da karafa kamar magnesium da kuma tagulla, su dole ne a reheated nan da nan kafin waldi, kuma a lokacin tsari kanta ya kamata a yi amfani da wani karfi tushen zafi, don haka da cewa ba su da sanyaya.

Wani halayyar alama ne raguwa a inji Properties. A ra'ayi na bukatar a hankali aiki tare da su domin kauce wa nakasawa.

Non-ferrous karafa a cikin dumama aiwatar rayayye shiga dauki tare da gas. Nuna wannan dukiya daga titanium, molybdenum da Tantalite.

Wannan kungiyar da karafa iya zama a cikin aiki na dogon lokaci, amma dole ne su zama kariya daga oxygen, wanda ya halaka karfe. A saboda wannan dalili, conductors, misali, an rufe ta da wani m varnish. Pre karfe amenable priming hanya a biyu yadudduka.

jan ores

Wannan irin tama ne ya fi kowa a cikin "launi" category. Wannan ƙarfe kuma yana da widest filin na aikace-aikace: yi, makamashi masana'antu, aeronautics, magani, da samar da tasiri zafi exchangers da yawa wasu.

Places jan adibas ne ma bambancin. Yau, babban muhimmanci ne a haɗe zuwa matalauta cike da koyaswa ores (porfirovannogo irin) wanda ake samar a volcanic craters. Ulla wani sinadari daga zafi bayani wanda aka ciyar daga magma bẽnãye. Manyan samar da wannan tama aka located a kan ƙasa na Arewa da kuma Kudancin Amirka.

Wani irin jan ores - pyrite, an cirewa daga kasa daga cikin teku, da tekuna. Source - ƙasar a cikin Urals.

Kuma wani babbar tushen wannan ores ne jan sandstones (Chita Oblast a Rasha, Katanga a Afirka).

Saboda haka, wadanda ba ferrous karafa - makawa abu domin yin da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da cewa kewaye da mu.