External da ciki tsarin da tsuntsãye. A ciki gabobin da tsuntsãye

Abin da na waje da kuma na ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye? Ta yaya suka sha bambam da sauran azuzuwan dabbobi? Mene ne alamun peculiar zuwa fukin tsuntsu? A amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi za a iya samu a cikin wannan labarin.

Janar halaye na tsuntsaye

Birds - wani aji na dabbobi, wanda jiki da aka rufe da gashinsa. Bã su da wani m da kuma high yanayin jiki da kuma aiki a kowane lokaci na shekara. A ikon tashi ne halayyar da yawancin mambobin wannan aji. External da ciki tsarin subordinated ga wannan musamman tsuntsaye.

Birds iya kaura dangane da yanayi. Tare da ikon tashi a aji ne tartsatsi, a cikin wata iri-iri na yanayi a fadin duniya. Akwai game da 9,000 jinsunan tsuntsaye.

Birds kuma nuna wani pronounced damuwa domin kansa zuriyarsa. Sake bugun faruwa ta hanyar manyan, an rufe tare da lemun tsami harsashi qwai.

External tsarin tsuntsaye

tsuntsu na jiki kunshi wani shugaban, mobile wuyansa, sauke-dimbin yawa jiki da kuma extremities. Fata - bakin ciki da kuma bushe saboda rashin fata gland. Mai tsuntsaye akwai wani baƙin ƙarfe, abin da hidima ga sa mai da gashin tsuntsu - coccygeal. Musamman da aka ɓullo da daga waterfowl. A asirce, secreted gland shine yake, ake amfani da su adana gashinsa elasticity da kuma hana su daga samun rigar. A wasu jinsunan (Jiminai, aku, na tattabarai, bustards) lubricating aiki ne da za'ayi musamman powdery gashinsa, da BREAKING da su kafa wata foda.

A tsuntsaye na iya gabatar da wani iri-iri na growths a kan baki, kafafu, shugaban. A wasu jinsunan tsuntsaye (kamar Raptors da aku), tushe na baki rufe taushi cere. A kan ƙafãfu farantin iya zama, fimbria, membrane.

External da ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye dogara a kan salon. jiki siffar, shugaban, feet da wutsiya, da fuka-fuki na iya zama sosai bambancin. A duk ya dogara da yanayi da kuma hanyoyi na samun abinci.

External tsarin tsuntsaye. feathering

Kawai Class Aves muhimmi gashinsa, don haka su ma ake kira tsuntsaye. A plumage ne m ga jiki da kuma ba shi da wani streamlined siffar. Cover ne haske da rike zafi sosai, wanda taimaka Hatching qwai. Wasu gashinsa, saboda su abin da aka kafa, da damar da, gudu (jirgin gashinsa da wutsiya gashinsa).

Sami gashinsa ne Kalam na fata, kama da ma'aunan dabbobi masu rarrafe. A tsarin da alkalami ne: asallanta kunshi wani m sanda kawo karshen quill (m karshen). Webs suna haɗe da sanda. Sun kunshi jaraba faranti - barbs. Daga sanda ta tafi barbs tare da rassan, kira barbules. Wasu daga cikin su barjat hooks, wanda suka haɗa da makwabta barbules ba tare da hooks. Manyan alkalami na iya kunshi miliyan barbules.

Wannan tsarin samar da yawa webs. A lokacin da jirgin ta hanyar da alƙalami iya dauka quite a bit na iska. Lokacin da barbules tsaron wata zumunta, da tsuntsu ta baki zai gyara su, a lõkacin da tsaftacewa da gashinsa.

Kamar yadda da ayyuka na gashinsa za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu: downy, kuma kwane-kwane. Mun downy gashinsa fan sako-sako da. Har ila yau, akwai kawai fluff - gashinsa, kunsha da gaske na daya barbules, tare da undeveloped sanda. Akwai bristle gashinsa, wanda, a maimakon haka, ya kunshi sanda, tare da kusan babu barbules. Akwai gashi-kamar gashinsa, wanda aka sanya wa aiki na touch. Kwane-kwane gashinsa za a iya raba fidda gwani, tuƙi, opaque da kuma rufe. Kowane irin alkalami daukawa fitar ta aiki. Bambance bambancen launi na gashinsa ne ya sa ta gaban pigments.

Musculo-kwarangwal tsarin

Features na ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye hade da hali muhimmi kawai feathered - ikon tashi. Kwarangwal na tsuntsu ne mai sauki, amma shi yana da ƙarfi kunshi wani bakin ciki da m ƙasũsuwa. Yana hada da kwanyar, kashin baya, kuma wata gabar jiki da kuma reshe ƙasũsuwa bel. A kwarangwal kare kayan ciki.

A ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye ya shafi wani babban girma daga cikin kwanyar. M kara girman jaws kafa baki hakora sun bata. A kashin baya ne zuwa kashi 5 sassan: mahaifa, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal. A vertebrae na mahaifa kashin baya da musamman tsarin, ta hanyar abin da tsuntsu iya juya ta kai 180 digiri.

Thoracic vertebrae girma tare, don samar da kashi daya, wanda aka haɗe da karankarman ƙirji. A yawo tsuntsaye a kan sternum yana da wani keel. Wannan ne mai babbar outgrowth a kan wanda aka saka da iko reshe tsokoki. A vertebrae na lumbar da sacral kashin baya da kuma Fused don samar da kyau goyon baya ga kafafuwa da kuma wutsiya Fused cikin guda coccygeal kashi zama goyon baya ga wutsiya gashinsa.

Hanya abin ɗamara kunshi uku nau'i-nau'i daga kasusuwa: da clavicle, scapula da hankaka ta ƙasũsuwa. Reshe kunshi da humerus, hannu da dantse, kuma hannunka ƙasũsuwa. Pelvic ƙasũsuwa Fused da vertebrae da zama a matsayin mai goyon baya ga ƙananan wata gabar jiki. Kafa kunshi cinya, drumstick, Tarsus (dama Fused ƙashi na daga kafar) da yatsunsu.

Tsokoki na tsuntsaye, located a kan keel da kafada, tabbatar da aiki da fuka-fuki. A tashi tsokoki na tsuntsaye a wannan bangare ne musamman da kyau ci gaba. wuyansa tsokoki samar da yunkuri na kai. Abin sha'awa da ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye a cikin tsarin tsokoki da kuma tendons daga cikin ƙananan wata gabar jiki. Ta hanyar gidajen abinci na kafafu suna ja agarar, wanda ƙarasa a cikin yatsunsu. Lokacin da tsuntsu zaune a kan wata bishiya da kuma bends kafafu, da tendons suna miƙa kuma yatsunsu nannade a kusa da wani reshe. Godiya ga wannan fasalin, da tsuntsaye na iya barci a kan rassan, yatsunsu unclenched.

alimentary tsarin

Muna ci gaba da karatu da ciki tsarin da tsuntsãye. Janar halaye fara da farko sashe na narkewa kamar tsarin - da baki. Yana da wani muƙamuƙi kashi, an rufe shi da Kakakin inuwõyi. A siffar da baki dogara a kan hanyar da samun abinci. Hakora a cikin tsuntsaye a can. Abinci da aka yi lõma da dukan ta a babban yanki, tare da taimakon wani tsuntsu ta baki iya yaga kashe guda dace.

Esophagus fukin tsuntsu iya muhimmanci mai shimfiɗa. Wasu jinsunan tsuntsaye iya cika shi da abinci da kuma ba ji daɗi. A ƙarshen esophagus iya zama goiter - musamman tsawo maida shi musamman domin samar da abinci.

Ciki tsuntsaye kunshi glandular kuma murdede sashen. A farko ya auku mugunya na ciki da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, wanda softens abinci, da kuma na biyu shi ne ta nika. Wannan tsari taimaka pebbles wanda ingest tsuntsaye. Baya da ciki ya kamata hanji, kawo karshen cesspool. A cloaca ne ma bude ureters da kuma fitarwa hanyar da haihuwa gabobin.

numfashi tsarin

Muna ci gaba da gano da kayan ciki tsuntsaye. A ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye ne batun da bukatar tabbatar da wani jirgin. Game da wannan, kuma miciwa, wanda aka wakilta ba kawai haske, amma kuma da iska bags located in free sarari tsakanin ciki gabobin. Wadannan jakunkuna suna da alaka da haske, kuma sun aka ɗõra wa ɗaukar muhimmanci aiki na samar da numfashi a lokacin da jirgin. A sauran tsuntsu numfasawa haske, aiki kirji.

A jirgin, godiya ga aikin da fuka-fuki, da iska sacs fadada da kwangila, yin famfo iska a cikin huhu. The sauri tsuntsu bude yatsun da fuka-fuki, da mafi akwai wani akan rage iska bags. Alal misali, kurciya kadai ke sa 26 breaths yayin da a jirgin - to 400. Saboda da aiki iska wurare dabam dabam, kaji jiki ne sanyaya. iska daga numfashi bags wadãtar da oxygen zuwa huhu, wanda ya hana tsuntsaye shaƙa.

Sistem sakulasan ne sistem na tsuntsaye

Features na ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye za a iya samu ta hanyar karatu da jijiyoyi, wanda aka wakilta biyu da'irori jini wurare dabam dabam da kuma hudu gidajen zuciya. Manyan da kananan da'ira na wurare dabam dabam gaba daya rabu, watau jijiya da kuma venous jini ba su gauraya. The zuciya kunshi biyu atria da biyu ventricles.

The zuciya tsoka ne iya hanzarta aikin a dama sau, misali a sauran zuciya kurciya an rage 165 sau minti daya, da kuma a lokacin da jirgin - 550 sau. Features na tsarin da jijiyoyi tsuntsaye sa da wani babban matakin metabolism. Zuciya yana da babban girma, m bugun jini, jini yana tare da cikakken oxygen da kuma sugars - duk wannan na samar da duka biyu wani tsanani samar da dukkan gabobin na zama dole kayan, da kuma m kau na na rayuwa kayayyakin.

hankula

olfactory gabobin da tsuntsaye suna talauci ci gaba. Mai tsuntsaye hana damar da za su rarrabe kamshi. A ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye, musamman a ji, shi ne mafi matukar cigaba fiye da na dabbobi masu rarrafe. Hukumomin na ji gabatar ciki, na tsakiya da kuma matsanancin kunne. A karshen kunshi da waje auditory meatus zurfin, firam fata folds da kuma musamman alkalama.

Birds suna da kyau-ɓullo da gabobin da hangen nesa. Idanu manyan da kuma hadadden tsarin, da kyau ƙwarai. Launi hangen nesa shi ne mafi alhẽri a ci gaba fiye da na da yawa wasu dabbobi. Kaji rarrabe a manyan yawan tabarau. Tare da babban gudun na a-jirgin wahayi ba ka damar tantance halin da ake ciki daga nesa, amma kuma abubuwa da suke da 'yan santimita, tsuntsu gani a fili.

juyayi tsarin

A jirgin, da tsuntsaye yi hadaddun ƙungiyoyi, don haka da cerebellum ne ke da alhakin bunkasa, shi ne manyan. A olfactory kwararan fitila suna kuma da ci gaba. forebrain yammancin duniya ya karu. A ciki tsarin da tsuntsaye, kwakwalwa da kuma juyayi tsarin da ake dangantawa da wani hadadden hali tsuntsaye.

Mai ayyuka instinctively - gina gida, biyu, kulawa da zurriyarsu. Amma tare da shekaru, da tsuntsaye suke iya koya. Idan kajin su ji tsoron wani mutum, wasu manya suna tsoron mutane. Su za a iya bambanta daga wani m mafarauci, kuma ya yi cara ta iya fahimtar cewa shi ne, a hannun wani mutum - wani itace, ko a gun.

Wasu tsuntsaye san mutanen da suke sau da yawa ciyar, trainable kuma iya mimic daban-daban sauti, ciki har da mutum magana ba.

Excretory da kuma haihuwa tsarin

Ka yi la'akari da excretory da kuma haihuwa tsarin, su na ciki tsarin da kiwo tsuntsaye. Tun da metabolism da aka kara a cikin tsuntsaye, manyan buds. Wadannan su guda biyu metanephric gawarwakin kasu kashi uku ruwan wukake da kuma suna karkashin dorsal pelvic katangu. Departing daga gare su ureters bude a cikin cloaca. Mafitsara a cikin tsuntsaye a can. sharar gida, kunsha da farko na uric acid, suna hanzari barrantar daga jiki.

Copulatory sashin jiki a mafi tsuntsãye ba. Testes, da kara a size a lokacin haihuwa lokaci, fitarwa da abinda ke ciki ta cikin tashar a cikin seminal vesicle aka located a cesspool.

A ciki tsarin da tsuntsãye, to, ya zama daidai, cikin mata haihuwa gabobin, yana da ban sha'awa fasali. Sun ci gaba ne kawai hagu kwai da kuma oviduct, da dama yawanci rudimentary. Mafi m wannan shi ne saboda rashin sarari domin lokaci daya samuwar manyan qwai. Yana fita daga kwai oviduct, wanda aka raba da dama sassan: dogon fallopian tube, bakin ciki-walled da kuma fadi da kuma kunkuntar farji mahaifa cewa ya buɗe a cikin cloaca. Domin gudanar da insemination, namiji presses ya cloaca ga mace cloaca.

Sake bugun, kuma kula da zũriyarmu

Mun yi nazarin ciki tsarin da tsuntsãye. Biology ba kawai karatu Anatomy, amma kuma na nazarin halayyar dabbobi. Bari mu magana game da irin wannan hadadden tsari a matsayin haifuwa da kuma kula da zuriya a cikin tsuntsaye.

kiwo kakar mai zuwa, a lokacin da akwai isasshen abinci. Our tsuntsaye - bazara da kuma bazara. Amma haifuwa a cikin tsuntsaye kiyaye a cikin bauta, kamar ado, haramta motsa a kowane lokaci na shekara, kara yawa kuma da sinadirai masu darajar abinci.

Mai kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized tsuntsaye suna guda biyu domin kakar, a manyan wanda ba safai ba ne zaunanniya shawararta. Za a iya samar da garkunan tumaki, wanda aka kafa a biyu daga lokaci. Abokin selection ba bazuwar. Tokuyut maza don jawo hankalin hankalin mace: yada gashinsa, bayar musamman sauti zo a cikin fadan.

Mai jinsin sa qwai a cikin gida, wadda za a iya sanya a ƙasa, a cikin itatuwa, da bushes, a cikin hollows, burrows. Kwai harsashi kare karfi, sau da yawa da ciwon masking launi.

A precocial jinsunan (kaji, ducks, geese, takaddamarsu, Swans) kajin fito daga kwai da idanunku bude da kuma rufe fuzz. Very da sauri, suka fara ci a kan nasu, kuma bar gida. A nesting tsuntsãye (tattabarai, zakara, chickadees, sparrows, Rooks, aku, tsuntsaye masu cin nama) Sun bayyana makafi, kuma tsirara, gaba daya m.

Ga tsuntsaye halayyar shafe tsawon kula da zurriyarsu. Birds zafi da kuma ciyar da su matasa, kare su.